口腔中幽门螺杆菌的研究进展(2)
五、Hp的诊断和治疗
Hp的诊断:目前临床上最广泛应用的是取胃粘膜活组织经尿素酶试验、细胞培养及组织学染色。对口腔标本Hp感染诊断尚无统一标准。细菌培养是诊断Hp感染的“金标准”,但要求一定的厌氧培养条件和技术,且对标本要求条件高,作为常规手段不易推广。这三种检测方法共同缺点是:①不具有足够的敏感性以检测少量Hp;②不能肯定来自动物胃粘膜的相似细菌是否为Hp。血清检查适用于流行病学筛选而不适用于临床诊断,呼气试验和N尿氨排出试验也各有利弊,不易推广。随着对Hp基因结构的不断认识及对Hp多种基因的测序及定位,采用PCR方法、逆转录PCR方法及斑点杂交、原位杂交方法,使Hp的检出最少量为10~100个细菌,特异性达100%,PCR对标本要求条件低,只要确保反应体系中无Hp污染,则可避免假阳性结果,它可特异地检测细菌的致病基因,也可用于检测抗生素治疗后Hp数量减少,但并未真正根除的患者,更准确地评价抗菌疗效。
Hp的治疗:根除Hp的方案很多,根据药物性质不同可分为一类含铋制剂和一类含质子泵抑制剂(PPI)或H2受体阻断剂(H2RA),配以1~3种抗生素组成二联、三联、四联疗法,疗程常为两周。1996年,Treiber[19]等通过对13562例患者进行研究分析:四联疗法疗效最佳,根除率可高达97%,但费用最高,副作用最大;二联疗法疗效较低,故提倡三联疗法,值得注意的是:在铋三联疗法中,使用四环素要比使用阿莫西林更能取得理想的结果,在偏态分析中,含四环素的铋三联Hp根除率为94.1%,而含阿莫西林的铋三联平均根除率为73.1%,分析该结果:口服四环素后龈沟中四环素的浓度为血液中的2~10倍,它能较好地杀灭口腔牙菌斑中的Hp,提****p的根除率,但完全使用抗生素作为控制菌斑治疗疾病的方法是不适宜的,长期使用可抑制口腔正常菌落而导致菌群失调,并可能产生耐药株,因而局部控制菌斑,局部用药,对Hp感染人群进行专业性的口腔护理,加以三联疗法,可望提****p根除率,降低复发率。
参考文献
1,Bizzozero B.Ueber die schiauchfoerrmigen drusen des magen-darmkanals und die bozichunger ihres epithels lu dera ober-fachenapithel der schleimhaut.Arch F Mikr Anat,1893,23:82.
2,Warren JR.Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis.Lanet,1983,2:1293.
3,Krajden S,Fuksa M,Anderson J,et al.Examination of human stomach biopsies,saliva,and dental plaques for compylobacter pylori.J Clin Microbiol,1989,27(b):1397-8.
4,Juutine K,Pere A,Riepponen P,et al.Evaluation of three new pylorisey test ElA-G,ElA-A AND Dry lates,for serological diagnosis of helicobacter pylori infection.Gut,1995,37:47-51.
5,Mendall MA,Patrick MG,Nicoca M,et al.Relation of helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease.Br Heart J,1994,71(5):437-9.
6,聂海敏,综述.口腔中的幽门螺杆菌.国外医学.口腔医学分册,1997,24(2):76-8.
7,Xing Z,Censini S,Bayieli PF,et al.Analysis of expression of CagA Virulence facters in 43 strains of helicobacter pylori reveals that clinical isolates can be divided into two major types and that CagA is not necessary for express of vacuolating cytotoxin.Infect Immun,1995,63:94-8.
8,Kosunen TU,Megraud F.Diagnosis of helicobacter pylori.Curr Opin Gastroenterol,1995,11:5-10.
9,Megraud F.Epidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection.Gastroenterol Clin North Am,1993,22:73.
10,Tursi A,Gasbarrini G,Fedell G,et al.The mode of transmission of helicobacter pylori infection.Recenti Prog Med,1997,88(5):232-6.
11,Peach HG,Pearce PC,Farish SJ.Helicobacter pylori in an australian regional city:prevalence and risk factors.Med J Aust,1997,Sep15,167(6):310-3.
12,Pusstorino R,Nicosia R,DAmbra G,et al.The mouth stomach crossing of helicobacter pylori.Riv Tur Sci Med Farmacol,1996 Sep Dec,18(5-6):183-6.
13,Socransky SS,Haffajee AD.Microbiol mechansisms in the pathogenesls of destructive periodontal disease:A critical assessment.J Periodont Res,1991,26:195-212.
14,Majmudar P,Shah SM,Incidence of helicobacter pylori from human faeces.Lancet,1992,340:1194-5.
15,Hammar M,Tyszkiewicz T,Wadstrom T,et al.Rapid detection of helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy materical by polymerse chain reaction.J Clin Microblol,1992,30(1):54-8.
16,宋群生,郑芝田,林三仁.口腔牙菌斑中的幽门螺杆菌.中华内科杂志,1994,33(7):459-61.
17,Asikainen S,Chen C,Slots J.Absence of helicobacter in subgingival samples determined by polymerase chain reaction.Oral Microbiol Immunol,1994,9:318-20.
18,Lee CK,Weltzin R,Thomas WD,et al.Oral immunization with recombinant helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory lgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with helicobacter felis.J Infect Dis,1995,172:161-172.
19,Treiber G.The influence of drug dosage on helicobacter pylori eradication.A costeffectiveness analysis.Am J Gastroenterol,1996,91:246.
Hp的诊断:目前临床上最广泛应用的是取胃粘膜活组织经尿素酶试验、细胞培养及组织学染色。对口腔标本Hp感染诊断尚无统一标准。细菌培养是诊断Hp感染的“金标准”,但要求一定的厌氧培养条件和技术,且对标本要求条件高,作为常规手段不易推广。这三种检测方法共同缺点是:①不具有足够的敏感性以检测少量Hp;②不能肯定来自动物胃粘膜的相似细菌是否为Hp。血清检查适用于流行病学筛选而不适用于临床诊断,呼气试验和N尿氨排出试验也各有利弊,不易推广。随着对Hp基因结构的不断认识及对Hp多种基因的测序及定位,采用PCR方法、逆转录PCR方法及斑点杂交、原位杂交方法,使Hp的检出最少量为10~100个细菌,特异性达100%,PCR对标本要求条件低,只要确保反应体系中无Hp污染,则可避免假阳性结果,它可特异地检测细菌的致病基因,也可用于检测抗生素治疗后Hp数量减少,但并未真正根除的患者,更准确地评价抗菌疗效。
Hp的治疗:根除Hp的方案很多,根据药物性质不同可分为一类含铋制剂和一类含质子泵抑制剂(PPI)或H2受体阻断剂(H2RA),配以1~3种抗生素组成二联、三联、四联疗法,疗程常为两周。1996年,Treiber[19]等通过对13562例患者进行研究分析:四联疗法疗效最佳,根除率可高达97%,但费用最高,副作用最大;二联疗法疗效较低,故提倡三联疗法,值得注意的是:在铋三联疗法中,使用四环素要比使用阿莫西林更能取得理想的结果,在偏态分析中,含四环素的铋三联Hp根除率为94.1%,而含阿莫西林的铋三联平均根除率为73.1%,分析该结果:口服四环素后龈沟中四环素的浓度为血液中的2~10倍,它能较好地杀灭口腔牙菌斑中的Hp,提****p的根除率,但完全使用抗生素作为控制菌斑治疗疾病的方法是不适宜的,长期使用可抑制口腔正常菌落而导致菌群失调,并可能产生耐药株,因而局部控制菌斑,局部用药,对Hp感染人群进行专业性的口腔护理,加以三联疗法,可望提****p根除率,降低复发率。
参考文献
1,Bizzozero B.Ueber die schiauchfoerrmigen drusen des magen-darmkanals und die bozichunger ihres epithels lu dera ober-fachenapithel der schleimhaut.Arch F Mikr Anat,1893,23:82.
2,Warren JR.Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis.Lanet,1983,2:1293.
3,Krajden S,Fuksa M,Anderson J,et al.Examination of human stomach biopsies,saliva,and dental plaques for compylobacter pylori.J Clin Microbiol,1989,27(b):1397-8.
4,Juutine K,Pere A,Riepponen P,et al.Evaluation of three new pylorisey test ElA-G,ElA-A AND Dry lates,for serological diagnosis of helicobacter pylori infection.Gut,1995,37:47-51.
5,Mendall MA,Patrick MG,Nicoca M,et al.Relation of helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease.Br Heart J,1994,71(5):437-9.
6,聂海敏,综述.口腔中的幽门螺杆菌.国外医学.口腔医学分册,1997,24(2):76-8.
7,Xing Z,Censini S,Bayieli PF,et al.Analysis of expression of CagA Virulence facters in 43 strains of helicobacter pylori reveals that clinical isolates can be divided into two major types and that CagA is not necessary for express of vacuolating cytotoxin.Infect Immun,1995,63:94-8.
8,Kosunen TU,Megraud F.Diagnosis of helicobacter pylori.Curr Opin Gastroenterol,1995,11:5-10.
9,Megraud F.Epidemiology of helicobacter pylori infection.Gastroenterol Clin North Am,1993,22:73.
10,Tursi A,Gasbarrini G,Fedell G,et al.The mode of transmission of helicobacter pylori infection.Recenti Prog Med,1997,88(5):232-6.
11,Peach HG,Pearce PC,Farish SJ.Helicobacter pylori in an australian regional city:prevalence and risk factors.Med J Aust,1997,Sep15,167(6):310-3.
12,Pusstorino R,Nicosia R,DAmbra G,et al.The mouth stomach crossing of helicobacter pylori.Riv Tur Sci Med Farmacol,1996 Sep Dec,18(5-6):183-6.
13,Socransky SS,Haffajee AD.Microbiol mechansisms in the pathogenesls of destructive periodontal disease:A critical assessment.J Periodont Res,1991,26:195-212.
14,Majmudar P,Shah SM,Incidence of helicobacter pylori from human faeces.Lancet,1992,340:1194-5.
15,Hammar M,Tyszkiewicz T,Wadstrom T,et al.Rapid detection of helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy materical by polymerse chain reaction.J Clin Microblol,1992,30(1):54-8.
16,宋群生,郑芝田,林三仁.口腔牙菌斑中的幽门螺杆菌.中华内科杂志,1994,33(7):459-61.
17,Asikainen S,Chen C,Slots J.Absence of helicobacter in subgingival samples determined by polymerase chain reaction.Oral Microbiol Immunol,1994,9:318-20.
18,Lee CK,Weltzin R,Thomas WD,et al.Oral immunization with recombinant helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory lgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with helicobacter felis.J Infect Dis,1995,172:161-172.
19,Treiber G.The influence of drug dosage on helicobacter pylori eradication.A costeffectiveness analysis.Am J Gastroenterol,1996,91:246.
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