对糖尿病加重牙周组织破坏的内在机制进行大量研究后认为糖尿病可能通过延长炎症反应的时间来改变细菌与宿主之间的相互作用,加重牙周组织破坏。并认为糖尿病可能通过增加肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α等炎症介质的表达加强基质生成细胞的凋亡,从而影响组织愈合[7-9]。
本实验观察了糖尿病大鼠在局部刺激因素下的牙周组织改变。组织学观察结果均显示:与非糖尿病牙周炎大鼠相比,糖尿病牙周炎大鼠牙周组织破坏进展速度快,破坏程度更加严重。因而进一步证实了合并有糖尿病时,在局部因素作用下牙周组织破坏进展快,程度严重。
成骨细胞是参与骨改建的主要细胞之一。成骨细胞最终有3种转归:一部分被埋于其自身分泌的骨基质中转换为骨细胞;一部分转变为静止的骨衬细胞;其余的则以凋亡的形式死亡。本实验中观察到P组和DP组成骨细胞凋亡百分率明显高于N组,其中DP组成骨细胞凋亡百分率又高于P组。该结果提示:成骨细胞凋亡参与了牙周炎骨丧失,成骨细胞凋亡增加可能导致骨吸收之后骨形成不足;而糖尿病可能通过增强炎症部位成骨细胞凋亡,使骨吸收-形成偶联失衡,加重牙周炎骨丧失。He等[10]也认为糖尿病对新骨形成的抑制作用与其对成骨细胞的促凋亡作用相一致。
目前糖尿病加强细胞凋亡的机制尚未明确,其可能机制包括:1)糖尿病条件下,细菌引起的炎症反应持续时间延长[11]。炎性细胞持续浸润以及高血糖状态下晚期糖化终末产物的间接作用导致白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1、IL-6、TNF等细胞因子生成增加[12]。而TNF水平增高可放大由caspase-3途径引起的细胞凋亡作用。2)糖尿病增加细胞凋亡的另一机制是活性氧的产生。长期的炎症及高血糖状态会引起细胞内活性氧积聚。现已证实氧化应激(oxidative stress,OS)可诱发多种细胞的凋亡[13]。而且,活性氧能够启动线粒体细胞色素C释放并激活caspase-3途径,诱导细胞凋亡[14-16]。糖尿病可加重牙周炎牙周组织破坏。糖尿病条件下牙周炎牙周组织中成骨细胞凋亡增加。这样,糖尿病可能通过加剧牙周炎条件下牙周组织中成骨细胞的凋亡,降低成骨细胞数量,从而使骨吸收-形成偶联失衡,进一步促进牙周炎骨丧失。
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