2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(九)
I. Reading Comprehension:
Text 1
In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of workers and clients from the owner’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of “primary” institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger “secondary” institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include relatives, friends, and neighborhood or community subgroups.
A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their relatives because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume the commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.
Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups, like black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositaries for dues collected from friendly groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions. (459 words)
Notes: ethnic 民族的。entrepreneurs企业家。frugal勤俭的。in rotation轮流地。entrepreneurial企业的。depositary储存处。due n. 会费。spring from从…派生。contractor firms承包公司。rotating credit associations轮流信贷协会。
1. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network as described in the text?
A. The local government in a city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find jobs.
B. A commercial bank offers low-interest loans to those who hope to establish businesses.
C. A neighborhood-based organization develops a program of job training for its members and their friends.
D. A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of its open adult education program.
2. The logical organization of the second paragraph is that _________.
A. an argument is stated, followed by a counter argument
B. an assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it
C. a situation is described and its historical background is then outlined
D. an example of a phenomenon is given and then is used as a basis for conclusions
3. It can be learned from the text that ________.
A. self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50 years
B. minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of business ventures
C. a minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be able to start a business
D. the financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to their unique formal organization
4. It can be learned from the last paragraph of the text that rotating credit associations _________.
A. were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants in New York
B. were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups
C. had to be relied on by the Chinese because they could not borrow money from commercial banks
D. provided a big portion of the investment capital for Chinese immigrants in New York in the early 20th century
5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the Irish building and loan associations _________.
A. originated as offshoots of church-related groups B. were started by third-or fourth-generation immigrants
C. helped employ many Irish construction workers D. enabled Irish entrepreneurs to finance manufacturing
Text 2
In 1997 the prestigious Ewha Women’s University in Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first women’s studies program in Asia. Few academic programs have ever received such public attention. In broadcast debates, critics dismissed the program as a betrayal of national identity, an imitation of Western ideas, and a distraction from the real task of national unification and economic development. Even supporters underestimated the program; they thought it would be merely another of the many Western ideas that had already proved useful in Asian culture, similar to airlines, electricity, and the assembly line. The founders of the program, however, realized that neither view was correct. They had some reservations about the applicability of Western feminist theories to the role of women in Asia and felt that such theories should be closely examined. Their approach has thus far yielded important critiques of Western theory, informed by the special experience of Asian women.
For instance, like the Western feminist critique of the Freudian model of the human psyche, the Korean critique finds Freudian theory culture-bound, but in ways different from those cited by Western theorists. The Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory assumes the universality of the Western nuclear, male-headed family and focuses on the personality formation of the individual, independent of society. An analysis based on such assumptions could be valid for a highly competitive, individualistic society. In the Freudian family drama, family members are assumed to be engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each other －father against son and mother against daughter. Such a concept projects the competitive model of Western society onto human personalities. But in the Asian concept of personality there is no ideal attached to individualism or to the independent self. The Western model of personality development does not explain major characteristics of the Korean personality, which is social and group-centered. The “self” is a social being defined by and acting in a group, and the well-being of both men and women is determined by the equilibrium of the group, not by individual self-assertion. The ideal is one of interdependency.
In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an admission of weakness or failure. All this bears directly on the Asian perception of men’s and women’s psychology because men are also “dependent”. In Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily show their emotions, something that might be considered a betrayal of masculinity in Western culture. In the kinship-based society of Korea, four generations may live in the same house, which means that people can be sons and daughters all their lives, whereas in Western culture, the roles of husband and son, wife and daughter, are often incompatible. (451 words)
Notes: prestigious 有声望的。national identity 民族性。feminist 女权主义的。thus far 至今。 be informed by 被…贯穿。culture-bound 受文化限制的。psyche 心灵。project … onto 把…投射到…上，使…反映在…上。social being 社会存在。well-being 幸福。equilibrium 平衡。bear on 影响…。masculinity 男子气。kinship-based 亲属为基础的。
1. Some of the supporters of the Ewha women’s studies program __________.
A. assumed that the program would be based on the uncritical adoption of Western theories
B. failed to show concern for the issues of national unification and economic development
C. were unfamiliar with Western feminist theories and their important roles in social life
D. were not themselves scholars in the field of women’s studies and had no idea about them
2. According to paragraph 2, the Western feminist critique of Freudian theory __________.
A. fails to address the issue of competitiveness in Western society
B. recognizes the influence of Western culture on Freudian theory
C. acknowledges the universality of the nuclear, male-headed family
D. challenges Freudian analysis of the women’s role in Western society
3. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that the Ewha women’s studies group holds that __________.
A. personality development occurs in identifiable stages from childhood to adulthood
B. any theory of personality development, in order to be valid, must be universal
C. personality development is influenced by the characteristics of the society a person lives in
D. personality development is hindered if a person is not permitted to be independent
4. By referring to “dependency” in the last paragraph, the author intends to show .
A. the betrayal of masculinity in Western culture
B. the characteristics of kinship-based Korean culture
C. the compatible attitude of parents towards their children
D. the distinction between the Western culture and the Korean culture
5. Which of the following best summarizes the content of the text?
A. A critique of a particular women’s studies program.
B. A brief history of Korean women’s studies program.
C. An assessment of a particular women’s studies program.
D. A report of work in social theory done by a particular women’s studies program.
Word Study
1. dismiss (下课)让走掉，使（会）解散；解雇；打消（想法），不考虑；认为（不重要）而不加考虑：
1) The teacher dismissed the class ten minutes earlier. (老师提前10分钟下课了。)
2) No lecturer may be dismissed from his post for misconduct without proper inquiry being held. (没有进行好好的调查就认为行为不端是不可以解聘老师的。)
3) She did her best to dismiss the thoughts. (她尽力打消这些想法。)
4) He dismissed the suggestion with a shake of his head. (他摇摇头不考虑这项建议。)
5) He just laughed, and dismissed the idea as unimportant. (他只是大笑，认为这个主意不重要而不加考虑。)
6) He dismissed the story as mere rumor. (他认为这件事是谣言不屑一顾。)
同根词：dismissal 解雇：Martin was not free from a fear of dismissal if he refused to obey. (如果马丁不肯服从，那他就无法摆脱担心被解雇。)
2. reserve vt. 保留；预定；留到以后（再宣布讨论等）：
1) I reserve the right to make my own decision. (我保留做出我自己决定的权利。)
2) I will reserve my opinion at this time. (这次我将保留我的看法。)
3) The use of this room is reserved to members of the staff. (这个房间的使用权留给内部人员。)
4) He reserved a table for two.
reserve n. 保留或储备的东西，储备金，储量；后备军人；自然保护区：
1) As I require money quickly I must draw on my reserve. (当我马上需要钱时，我必须利用我的储备金。)
2) The old man keeps a large reserve of firewood for cold weather. (这位老人保存了大量生火木柴天冷时用。)
3) the bank’s reserves银行储备金；the gold reserve 黄金储备。
4) Animals are kept in reserves lest they should be shot. (动物关在自然保护区以免被射杀。)
5) He is a person of reserve. (他是一个沉默寡言的人。)
用于成语：in reserve 保存起来：I still have a little money in reserve. with reserve 有保留地：Clearly, he spoke with reserve, but even so his meaning was quite plain. without reserve 无保留地：We accept your statement without reserve.
reserved adj. 沉默寡言的；有保留的：
1) He was naturally thoughtful and reserved.
2) reserved consent (有保留的同意)。
reservation 保留(意见)；定（票、座）；保留地：
1) I have no reservation about hiring him.
2) We make reservations of rooms at a hotel.
3) The government has set apart Indian reservations. (政府已经划出印第安人保留地。
Text 3
[2002 RC 2]
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics – the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy – far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves – goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year of 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented – and human perception far more complicated – than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer system on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it. (418 words)
Notes: ingenuity 心灵手巧，发明创造。plain adv. (=simply)简直是。teller 出纳员。confer… on…把…赋予…。for themselves 独立地。a spell of 一阵。panel控制板；论坛。panel discussion 论坛讨论会。
1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ____________.
A. the use of machines to produce science fiction B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work D. the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
2. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ____________.
A. programs B. experts C. devices D. creatures
3. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can ____________.
A. fulfil delicate tasks like performing brain surgery B. interact with human beings verbally
C. have a little common sense D. respond independently to a changing world
4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ____________.
A. make a few decisions for themselves B. deal with some errors with human intervention
C. improve factory environment D. cultivate human creativity
5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ____________.
A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure
B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately
C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
D. best used in a controlled environment
Text 4 (课外阅读)
[98年阅读考试文章，试题重编]
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics--but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. *But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.” (399 words)
Notes: schism分裂。if anything 甚至于还可能。find fault with 批评，挑剔。creationism 上帝创世说。long for 渴望。utopia 乌托邦，理想主义。epithet 表述。lump together 把…归并在一起。have … in common 共同点是…。
1. The example of Galileo’s 17th-century trial is used to show ___________.
A. the hostile attitude of the humanities towards science
B. the confusion between science and other aspects of culture
C. the conspicuous advantage of science over anti-science
D. the harmonious relationship of science with the humanities
2. What can we infer from the second and third paragraphs of the text?
A. The author sympathizes with scientists in a reasonable way.
B. The decline of science’s power is attributed to reduction in funding for science.
C. The development of science contributes to its struggle against humanities.
D. The division of science and the humanities has considerably grown until recently.
3. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A. The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.
B. Politicians and certain authorities are subject to the labeling of anti-science.
C. Environmentalists were not blamed at all for anti-science in an essay.
D. Sagan does not criticize those who advocate theories contrary to science.
4. The last paragraph suggests that __________________.
A. some observers are afraid of being accused of anti-science
B. Gerald Holton tags many different views he doesn’t agree with as anti-science
C. anything that offends the “more enlightened” is now in danger of being listed in “anti-science”
D. the “more enlightened” think that the term “anti-science” involves many wrong attitudes towards science
5. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ___________________.
A. detached B. subjective C. biased D. puzzling
II. Writing: (提纲漫画式作文)
Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of 160--200 words within 30--35 minutes. Your essay must meet the requirements below.
1. Show your understanding of the meaning of the picture below
2. State the harmful effects of fake and inferior products
3. Suggest ways to fight against fake and inferior products
假冒伪劣产品
正如所给的图画所描绘的, 我国社会主义市场经济正在迅速发展, 就像一辆高速行驶的卡车。但是公众惊讶地发现, 越来越多的假冒伪劣产品严重地阻碍了我国市场经济的发展。消费者必须经常谨慎地去购买他们所需的货物或服务, 否则他们会落入不法制假人所设的陷阱。
毫无疑问, 假冒伪劣产品极其有害。首先, 它们危害人民的健康, 引发了许多伤害事故。例如，伪劣药品不仅使病人的病情恶化, 而且往往会威胁病人的生命, 更糟的是, 导致病人的死亡。其次, 假冒伪劣产品通常廉价出售。在许多情况下, 它们又干扰了我国正常的经济秩序, 影响了许多高质量产品的销路。这在很大程度上阻碍了我国社会主义市场经济的健康发展, 并损害了我们国家的利益。 因此, 我们可以说, 假冒伪劣产品是我们健康经济中的一颗“毒瘤”, 对此必须尽快清除。
依我看, 必须采取若干有力措施来与假冒伪劣产品斗争。一方面, 制假者应该依法严惩。另一方面, 消费者应该学会识别真假。只有这样, 消费者才能维护他们的合法权益。
As the picture given depicts, the socialist market-oriented economy in our country is developing rapidly, just like a truck running at a high speed. But the general public is surprised to find that there are more and more fake and inferior products seriously hampering the expansion of our market economy. Consumers have to be very careful in purchasing goods and services they need; otherwise they will fall into the traps set by the illegal manufacturers.
There is no doubt that fake and inferior products are extremely harmful. In the first place, they endanger people’s health, giving rise to a lot of injury accidents. For instance, inferior-quality medicines not only aggravate a patient’s condition, but also tend to threaten his life and, what’s worse, to result in his death. Secondly, fake and inferior products are usually sold on the cheap. In many cases they interfere with the normal economic order in our country, affecting the marketing of many high-quality goods. This, in a great degree, hinders the development of our socialist market economy and harms the interests of our state. Therefore, we can say that fake and inferior products are a dangerous “tumor” in our healthy economy, which must be cut away as soon as possible.
In my opinion, several strong measures should be adopted to fight against fake and inferior products. On the one hand, those who make them deserve to be severely punished by the law. On the other hand, consumers should learn to discern between true and false. Only in this way can they defend their own legal rights and interests. (263 words)
背记重点词语汉英对照：
1. 阻碍，妨碍：hamper, hinder, obstruct，interfere with。
2. 引起，造成：give rise to; cause。
3. 使病情加重：aggravate a patient’s condition。
4. 小心谨慎做某事：be careful in doing sth.。
5. 廉价出售某物：sell sth. on the cheap。
6. 干扰某人：interfere with sb.。
7. 损害我们的国家利益：harm the interests of our state。8. 辨别真伪：discern between true and false。
9. 维护某人的合法权益：defend one’s legal rights and interests。
Put the following sentences from Chinese into English:
1. 我们前进时受到恶劣天气的阻碍。[ALD]
2. 这次交通事故造成了他头部和双臂的重伤。
3. 无论什么时候我们都不应该做任何损害国家利益的事。
4. 我们必须采取若干有力措施来与假冒伪劣产品斗争。
5. 只有这样, 消费者才能维护他们的合法权益。
家庭作业：1. 背记作文并改写(缩短)，注意作文句型的英汉对照；2. 加强阅读训练，注意精读与快读的区别。
赠言：事业成功的秘诀是：一个人要有崇高的理想和刻苦的精神，他最大的业余爱好就是他所从事的事业, 只有这样他才能全神贯注，执著追求，不畏艰险，不怕失败，总结经验，汲取教训，继续前进。不要追名逐利、斤斤计较, 名利是人民自然给你的公正反馈。
Text 1 参考译文
与传统的对少数民族企业的分析相反，社会学的分析认为，少数民族企业所有制是一种集体性质的企业，因为它主要是依靠社会集团的财力来进行开发的。具体说，这种分析表明，支持网络，通过向业主提供从家庭成员和朋友到来自业主本民族的工人和客户的可靠来源等一系列的帮助，在开创和经营少数民族企业中起了关键性的作用。这种鼓励和支持本民族的少数民族企业家的自助网络由一些“基础性的”机构组成，这些机构在形成其行为和观念方面最接近于个人。它们的特点是由互相关心的纽带团结起来的个人之间的面对面的交往和协作。它们形成了个人和以人际关系为基础的较大的“二级”机构之间的中间社会阶层。构成支持网络的基础性机构中包括亲属、朋友和邻居或社区小集团。
自助网络的主要功能是经济上的支持。许多学者一致认为，少数民族企业主主要依靠家庭资金和本民族团体的财力来作为投资的资本。个人的存款积累起来，常常是通过勤俭的生活习惯，这种习惯要求全家人做出牺牲，因而是家庭长期理财的成果。来自亲属的补充性贷款和礼品常常出于团体的义务，而不是狭隘的投资考虑，补充了个人的存款。个体企业家并不是因为无法从商业银行借到金融贷款而必须依靠他们的亲属。他们可能实际上想避开银行，因为他们觉得，这些商业银行机构要么不能理解少数民族经营的特殊需要，要么收取不合理高的利率。
在较大的民族社区内部，一直使用轮流信贷协会来筹集资金。这些协会是本民族团体的朋友和其它可信赖的成员组成的非正式团体，他们定期向一笔基金交钱，这笔基金再轮流借给每一个捐助者。有一位作者估计在1900年到1950年期间建立的纽约唐人街40%的公司使用了这样的协会作为他们资金的最初来源。然而，最近入境的移民和老一些团体的第3或第4代的人现在只是偶尔使用轮流信贷协会来筹集投资的资金。有些团体，像美国黑人，找到了其它经济资助的手段来经营企业。第一批黑人经营的银行建立于19世纪晚期，作为从友好团体收来的会费的储存处，这些团体本身是从黑人教会派生出来的。黑人银行在其它黑人企业中进行有限的投资。美国城市中的爱尔兰移民组织了许多建筑和信贷协会来向住房建筑和住房购买提供资金。他们又为许多爱尔兰住房建筑的承包公司提供工作。其他民族的和少数民族的团体仿照类似的做法建立了本民族领导的金融机构。
Text 2 参考译文
1997年韩国汉城极有声望的伊娃女子大学宣布开始进行亚洲第一个妇女研究项目。很少有学术项目曾经受到公众如此的注意。在广播辩论中，批评者们对这个项目持否定态度，认为它出卖了民族特性，模仿西方思想，与国家统一与经济发展的大业背道而驰。就连支持者们也低估了这个项目，他们认为这个项目只不过是众多已证明对亚洲文化有用的西方观念之一，与航空公司、电力和产品装配线差不多。不过，这个项目的创建者们认为这两种观点都不对。他们对西方女权主义理论是否适用于亚洲妇女所扮演的角色持保留意见，认为应仔细考察这些理论。他们的研究方法到目前为止已经引发了关于西方理论的重要评论, 这些评论中贯穿了亚洲妇女的特殊经历。
比如，和西方女权主义者对弗洛伊德人类心灵模式的批评一样，韩国批评家认为，弗洛伊德理论受到文化的限制，但限制的方面不像西方理论家所说的那样。韩国理论家们认为，弗洛伊德理论假定，西方那种男子占主导地位的核心家庭带有普遍性，突出强调独立于社会的个人的性格形成过程。在这种假设基础上所作的分析对于竞争高度激烈、极端个人主义的社会也许是有效的。在弗洛伊德的家庭剧中，家庭成员之间被认为进行着达尔文进化论式的生存竞争 － 父子相争、同胞相残。这种观念把西方的竞争模式反映到人的个性上。但是，在亚洲的性格概念中，个人主义或独立的个人并没有被理想化。西方的性格模式不能解释韩国人那种社会化的、以群体为中心的主要特点：“个人”是一种由群体定义并在群体中活动的社会存在，男子与女子的幸福都是靠群体的平衡，而不是靠个人的自我肯定，其理念是互相依存。
在这种情况下，西方精神病学承认的术语“依赖性”在韩国语言中并不表示懦弱或者失败。所有这些都直接影响了亚洲人关于男子和女子心理的看法，因为男子也是有“依赖性的”。在韩国文化中，男子不但可以哭，而且容易表露他们的情感，这在西方文化中可能被看作是与男子汉气概背道而驰的。在韩国以亲属关系为基础的社会里，有可能四世同堂。这就意味着人们一生都可能是儿子或女儿；而在西方文化里，丈夫和儿子、妻子和女儿的角色通常是互不相容的。
Text 3 参考译文
自从人类发明创造开始以来已经设计出越来越多的灵巧的工具来完成危险、枯燥、劳累或实在令人恶心的工作。这种欲望导致了机器人技术的产生 -– 这是一门把人的能力赋予给机器的科学。如果科学家还要创造出科学幻想型的机械工具，那他们已经开始接近这个目标。
因此，当今世界拥有越来越多的智能化机械装置。我们几乎没有注意到这些装置的出现，但是它们的普遍存在已经省去了许多人类劳动。我们的工厂合着机器人装配臂的节奏嗡嗡作响。我们的银行业务在自动化出纳终端完成。它们会用机械式的礼貌用语感谢我们的交易。我们的地铁火车由不知疲劳的机器人驾驶员控制。由于电子技术和微机械技术的不断小型化，现在已经有了机器人系统，它们能以亚毫米的精确度做某些脑外科和骨外科手术，其精确度要比技术熟练的医生单用手工所能达到的精确度高得多。
但是如果机器人要达到节省劳力效用的下一阶段，人类对它们操作的监督还必须减少，这些机器人得能独立做出至少几项决定，这是一个真正提出挑战的目标。美国航空航天管理局机器人项目经理D.拉弗里说，“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一项特定的误差，”“但是我们不能教给机器人足够的‘常识’来可靠地应对瞬隙万变的世界。”
的确，探索真正的人工智能已产生了有喜有忧的结果。尽管在20世纪60年代和70年代有过持续一段时间的最初乐观情绪，那时似乎认为，到2010年晶体管电路和微处理器可能会复制出人类大脑的活动，但是研究人员最近开始把那个预言推迟如果不是几百年也要有几十年。
在试图模仿人类思维的过程中，他们发现，人类大脑的大约1 000亿个神经细胞比以前想象的远为聪明，人类的悟性也比以前想象的远为复杂。他们已经造出了机器人，这些机器人能在受控的工厂环境中以几分之一毫米的精确度来识别一块机器控制板上的误差。但是人脑却能一眼看到迅速变化的场景并立即摒弃98%无关的信息。人脑能在一瞬间把目光锁定在蜿蜒的森林公路一侧的那只猴子身上或一大群人中那张可疑的面孔上。地球上最先进的计算机系统也无法达到人的这种能力，并且神经学家也仍然不知道我们人类是如何做到这些的。
Text 4 参考译文
科学长期以来与文化的其他方面关系不融洽。请看伽里略17世纪由于其叛逆的信念而受到天主教会的审判，再想一想诗人William Blake尖刻的言词反对牛顿机械论的世界观。科学与人文之间的分裂在本世纪甚至加深了。
直到最近科学界还是十分强大的，因此它有能力不理睬它的批评者，但是今后不行了。由于对科学的拨款减少了，科学家在几本书中攻击“反科学”，如：弗吉尼亚大学的一位生物学家Paul R. Gross和Rutgers大学的数学家Norman Levitt所著的Higher Superstition（更高的迷信），和Cornell大学的Carl Sagan所著的The Demon-Haunted World（魔鬼出没的世界）。
科学的捍卫者还在一些会议上发出了他们的关注，例如，1995年在纽约城举行的“背离科学与理性”会议和去年六月在Buffalo附近召开的“（错误）信息时代的科学”会议。
显然，反科学对不同的人指的是不同的事情。Gross 和Levitt主要批评那些对科学的客观性提出疑问的社会学家、哲学家和其他的学者。Sagan则进一步谈到那些相信鬼神、上帝创世说和其他违背科学世界观的现象。
1996年对新闻报导的一次调查披露了反科学的标签还贴到了许多其他的团体头上：从提倡消灭最后剩下的几批天花病毒的当局人士到主张减少对基础研究拨款的共和党人。
几乎没有人会争议反科学这个词适合于反原子弹团体的人士，他们1995年发表的宣言蔑视科学并渴望回到技术世界以前的乌托邦时代去。但是肯定与去年五月“美国新闻和世界报导”中一篇文章似乎认为的不一样，那并不是说，关注工业无节制发展的环境专家是反科学的。
不可避免的是，这些环境专家对这样的批评者要做出反应。环境研究的开拓者Stanford大学的Paul Ehrlich论证说，科学的真正敌人是这样一些人，他们不相信证实全球变暖、臭氧层受到破坏和工业发展的其它后果的证据。
确实，有些观察家担心，反科学的表述正处于失去意义的危险中。哈佛大学哲学家Gerald Holton在他1993年的著作<科学与反科学>中指出，“<反科学>这个词可以把许许多多完全不同的事情罗列在一起。”“这些事情只有一点相同，即它们往往激怒或威胁那些自认为更开明的人。”
人生英语 – No pains, no gains.
-- Is Chiqui off practicing again?
-- Yes, that’s all she does. She’s up at four in the morning, and by five she’s already at the ice rink(溜冰场). She puts in two full hours of practice before going to school. Then after school, she practices for another three hours with her partner(搭挡).
-- That’s a crushing(了不起的) routine. How does she do it?
-- No pains, no gains. She wants to be a champion ice skater, so she’s working hard to perfect her technique and skills. At this rate she’ll make it by the time she’s out of high school. Maybe even sooner. She is one determined young lady. She knows that without great effort and discipline she’ll never achieve her goal.
阅读欣赏 时尚英语 精品译文
Art Attack For one week in early April, Singapore’s hotels, shopping centers, and public spaces – mot to mention art galleries – will be taken over by the annual Art Singapore Contemporary Asian Art Fair.
Running from April 8 – 12, 40 art spaces will open their doors to galleries from around Asia, showing works ranging from paintings and sculptures to ceramics and installations by some of the biggest names in the region, including Fang Lijun (China), Srihadi Soedarsono(Indonesia), and Tatsu Okamoto(Japan). According to events director Marjorie Chu, the busy hub of Singapore is an ideal and sophisticated destination for art collectors and admirers to gather.
艺术冲击 4月初的一个礼拜，新加坡的酒店、购物中心、公共场所，更不要说各个艺术馆都将迎来一年一度的新加坡当代亚洲艺术展览会。
从4月8日到12日，近40个艺术场馆将对来自亚洲的艺术作品敞开大门，展示从绘画、雕塑到陶艺、装置等艺术作品。这些艺术作品均来自该地区的艺术大师，包括中国的方力均，印度尼西亚的Srihadi Soedarsono以及日本的Tatsu Okamoto。正如此次活动的总监Marjorie Chu所说，繁华热闹的新加坡将成为艺术收藏家和鉴赏家云集的理想场所。
Vertu Speaking of Luxury Vertu, the first luxury communications company., presents their exclusive handcrafted mobile phones from the Vertu Signature Collection. Available in a range of precious metals such as 18-carat gold and platinum, the newest additions include reflective stainless steel and Bordeaux stainless steel. The perfect combination of both form and function, Vertu owners get more than unparalleled communication.
With the Vertu Concierge service, Vertu’s exclusive service continues after sales. Just by pushing a button on the phone, users can contact a concierge that provides exclusive benefits and insider advantages from a network of experts in airlines, hotels, restaurants, and much more, 24 hours a day.
Vertu 话说奢华 Vertu, 全球顶级通讯产品制造商，以其著名的Vertu Signature Collection手工艺手机著称于世。系列产品全部以贵重金属制成，包括18k黄金和白金，最新推出的产品还有反光不锈钢和双色不锈钢。外形和功能完美结合，Vertu拥有者还可享受无与论比的便捷通讯。
Vertu 售后服务独领风骚。只需轻轻一按手机上的特设按钮便可获得机场、饭店、餐饮等一条龙优质服务和内部优惠，让你享受全天24小时的贵宾式服务。
下一讲：2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(十)