2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(十一)

2007 – KY-- 11  内部资料 翻印必究

I. Use of English (Cloze)

    The majority of people, about nine out of ten, are right-handed.___1___until recently, people who were left-handed were considered___2___, and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands. Today left-handedness is generally___3___, but it is still a disadvantage in a world___4___most people are right-handed. For example, most tools and implements are still___5___for right-handed people.

    In sports,___6___contrast, doing things with the left hand or foot, is often an advantage. Throwing, kicking, punching or batting from the “___7___” side may result in throwing___8___many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with the___ 9___of players who are right-handed. This is why, in many___10___at a professional level, a___11___proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole.

    The word “right” in many languages means “correct” or is___12___with lawfulness, whereas the words associated___ 13___“left”, such as “sinister”, generally have___14___associations. Moreover, among a number of primitive peoples, there is a close___15___between death and the left hand.

    In the past, in___16___Western societies, children were often forced to use their right hands, especially to write with. In some cases the left hand was___17___behind the child’s back so that it could not be used. If, in the future, they are allowed to choose,___18___will certainly be more left-handers, and probably___19___people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their___20___hand.

 1. A. Down     B. Never     C. Up      D. Not
 2. A. unique            B. special            C. normal         D. abnormal
 3. A. accepted          B. admitted           C. approved        D. acknowledged
 4. A. when             B. that               C. where         D. which
 5. A. ordered           B. designed           C. planned        D. supposed
 6. A. by              B. for                C. at             D. in
 7. A. proper           B. indirect            C. correct          D. wrong
 8. A. away             B. down               C. off            D. up
 9. A. minority          B. majority           C. plenty          D. lack
10. A. games           B. hobbies            C. activities       D. rounds
11. A. more           B. higher             C. better          D. smaller
12. A. related           B. mixed              C. connected       D. combined
13. A. by             B. with               C. to           D. at
14. A. negative          B. positive           C. similar        D. equal
15. A. division             B. examination             C. combination         D. association
16. A. all               B. mostly             C. any            D. most
17. A. tied              B. attached           C. brought       D. removed
18. A. those             B. these              C. there         D. they
19. A. no              B. more               C. greater         D. fewer
20. A. left              B. right              C. either         D. correct

II. 选择搭配题

Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-- 45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.  (10 points)

[A] The world has 800 million hungry people. Until now, food supplies have been increased by improved varieties, pesticides and artificial fertilizers: the green revolution. Now we’re on the edge of a new revolution: a genetic one.

[B] As we move into this new era of agriculture we’re embarking on an experiment. But remember that the world has seen any number of experiments before. We have been refining species of wheat for several thousand years. Genetic engineers like me are not doing anything as dramatic as making a cabbage into a cauliflower—as has been done by plant breeders in the past. We’re simply tapping into the whole gene pool, rather than concentrating on one species at a time.

[C] It may well be that in the long term it is the developing world that benefits most from GM foods. It’s true that for the next ten years or so GM crops may be too expensive. But the lesson of personal computers is applicable here—once the technology has been developed for money-spinning crops, like maize, soya beans and cotton, it will filter down and become affordable for all. This doesn’t mean, unfortunately, that famines will disappear, but severity and duration will be helped by an improved ability to produce and distribute food.

[D] The reason GM food will not go away is that we need a three-fold increase in food production by the year 2050 to keep pace with the world’s predicted population growth to ten or eleven billion. It’s not just a question of more mouths to feed either. What is often forgotten is that all these extra people will take up space, reducing the overall land available for agriculture.

[E] Currently there are some 20,000 chemicals in use, but the scientists only have detailed information on around 1,000 of them. To see the advantages of GM food you have only to consider the recent press revelation that the average lettuce receives eleven pesticide applications before it reaches the supermarket shelf. I’m sure chemicals and their role in disease will become a big issue in the next century as the population of the developed world worries increasingly about its health.

[F] There will be movement of genes between species that could not be crossed by conventional breeding methods, and there may be problems with some crops. There were mistakes during the Green Revolution, like DDT. No doubt there will be some mistakes with GM crops too. But then, mankind has always made mistakes. It shouldn’t put us off progress.

[G] Genetically-modified foodstuffs are here to stay. That’s not to say that food produced by conventional agriculture will disappear, but simply that food-buying patterns will polarize: there will be a niche market for conventional foodstuffs just as there is for organic food. It may even be that GM food will become the food of preference because consumers come to appreciate the health benefits of reduced pesticide use.

Order:

 (课外练习，下次课给答案)

Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] “The years passed and the young eagle became fully grown. One day he looked up and saw a magnificent bird high above in the cloudless sky. The huge bird seemed to hang in the air, borne by the wind currents, soaring with scarcely a beat of its huge, powerful wings.

[B] “‘What a beautiful bird,’ he exclaimed. ‘What is it?’ ‘That’s an eagle—the chief of birds,’ one of the chickens said. ‘But don’t give it a second thought, you can never be like him.’

[C] “All his life, the young eagle thought he was a prairie chicken. He learned to do what prairie chickens do: scratch in the dirt for seeds and insects, cluck and cackle and fly just a few feet off the ground with wings thrashing in the wind. After all, that’s how prairie chickens fly. They don’t know any other way..

[D] “‘Strange,’ he said to himself. ‘I, too, have giant wings, and my feet have huge claws that could be used for more than scratching the dirt.’

[E] “The eagle might have died after living the life of a chicken, but fortunately he did give it a second thought. On another day, as he scratched in the dirt for seeds and insects, he looked up and again saw that same majestic bird as it soared high above with its huge wings outstretched against the sky.

[F] “So the eagle got a running start and leaped into the air, working his huge wings rhythmically and steadily as he had seen the huge bird do and like he had never done before. Instead of rising only a few feet as usual, he soared into the sky and found his true potential and destiny.”

[G] “An Indian brave went out hunting and found an eagle’s egg that had fallen from its nest but miraculously remained unbroken. The Indian took the egg and put it in the nest of a prairie chicken. The eagle’s egg hatched along with the other eggs in the prairie chicken’s nest, and the little eaglet grew up with the other baby birds..

Order:

III. English-Chinese Translation:

    Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers – women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary.  1) These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work” in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipatory in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.

    2) To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions.  3) For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores. The mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order obsolete conventions associated with the homemaking activities they assumed to have been the traditional sphere of women. 4) Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s real desires were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages equal to those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female”.

    More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. 5) Once an occupation came to be received as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits were expected to be gained. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even the most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.  (354 words)

    Notes: emancipatory  起解放作用的。 segregation  隔离。

IV. Writing

Directions: You have forgotten the appointment you made with your American teacher. Write a letter to him to:

1) apologize for missing it,
2) state the mistakes you made,
3) ask for another appointment.

Letter of Apology

Dear Mr. Smith,

    I am writing to apologize for missing my appointment yesterday afternoon. 我把约会记在了我的日历上而且盼着这一时刻到来，但是不知怎么我把时间搞混了，and didn’t realize the mistake until this morning. 我本来打算早晨给您打电话，但是被意想不到的任务拖累了。

    Please forgive me. I would like to call you on Friday看您如果方便的话是否有可能再安排一次约会。 I hope that you would still like to see me. I am waiting for your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

作业： 1. 认真复习本单元内容。2. 结合“复习指导”，“中级完形填空练习”每周做二个。3. 每周翻译1—2篇“复习指导”中英译汉练习。注意课堂“英译汉”中长难句的理解和翻译。

赠言：放弃心爱的业余爱好是痛苦的，但为了事业必须忍痛割爱。朝着既定目标前进吧！

选择搭配题参考译文(1)

    转基因食品已经在市场上站稳脚跟。这并不是说传统农业生产的食品就会消失，只不过食品的购销模式将两极分化：和绿色食品一样，传统食品市场仍将有利可图。实际上，人们甚至有可能会更偏爱转基因食品，因为消费者认识到少施杀虫剂的食品对健康有益。

    目前使用的化学物质多达约20,000种，但科学家们仅掌握其中约1,000种物质的详细信息资料。要想了解转基因食品的好处，只需想一想最近报端所披露的消息：生菜摆上超市的货架之前，—般要喷11次杀虫剂。随着发达国家居民越来越关注自身的健康问题，我相信化学物质及其诱发各种疾病的作用将成为下个世纪的一大热点。

    转基因食品不会被淘汰的原因是：到2050年，我们的食品产量须增长3倍才能跟上世界人口预计增至100到110亿的步伐。事实上，问题不仅在于要喂饱更多的肚子。常为人所忽视的一个事实是，所有这些新增的人口都要占据空间，从而缩小了农业可用地的总面积。

    世界上有8亿饥民。到现在为止，增加食品供应靠的是改良品种、改进杀虫剂和化肥，这就是绿色革命。如今我们又处在一场新革命的边沿－－基因革命。

    长远来看，从转基因食品获益最多的很可能是发展中国家。当然，在未来10年左右转基因作物可能很昂贵，但个人电脑的经验教训在此也很适用，转基因技术一旦培育出能够赚大钱的作物，如玉米、大豆和棉花之类的，这一技术就会渐渐普及，进入寻常百姓的家庭。遗憾的是，这并不意味着饥荒就消除了。但提高食品的生产和配送能力有助于减低饥荒的严重程度，缩短饥荒的时间。

    在跨入这个农业新纪元的同时，我们又开始了一项实验。 但别忘了，在此之前世界已见证了无数次试验。 几千年来我们一直在改良小麦的品种。 我和我的基因工程同行并不是在做诸如将卷心菜变成菜花这样惊人的事情—正如过去植物育种家做过的那样。我们是要挖掘利用整个基因库， 而不是一次专攻一个物种。

    基因将会在不同物种之间转移，这是常规育种方法无法做到的。有些作物可能会因基因的转移而出现问题。绿色革命期间就曾发生过错误，如使用滴滴涕。 毫无疑问，转基因作物培育的过程中也会发生错误。然而，人类是从错误中走过来的， 错误不应阻止我们进步。

选择搭配题参考译文(2)

    “一位印第安勇士外出打猎时发现一只从巢里掉到地上的鹰蛋，但是奇迹般地完好无损。勇士检起鹰蛋， 把它放进了一个松鸡的窝里。这只鹰蛋和其他许多松鸡蛋一起在松鸡窝里被孵化出来，小鹰和小松鸡们一起长大了。

    “小鹰以为自己这辈子就是一只松鸡了。小鹰像其他松鸡一样学会了在土里扒拉着寻找种子和昆虫，发出咯咯咯的叫声，使劲地扇动翅膀飞离地面几英尺高。毕竟松鸡们就是这样飞的。 它们不知道任何别的方法。

    “许多年过去了，小鹰已经羽毛丰满。 一天，它向天空望去，看见万里无云的高空有一只硕大无比的鸟。大鸟好像被气流托浮着悬停在空中，不怎麽扇动它那对巨大而有力的翅膀就能在空中翱翔。

    “小鹰惊呼：‘多漂亮的鸟哇！它是什麽呀？’一只松鸡回答说：‘那是鹰， 是鸟类之王。 可是你就别再想啦， 你永远也不可能像它那样。’

    “这只小鹰或许一辈子就这样过松鸡们过的生活，然后死去；然而幸运的事，它确实又想了一想。令一天，当小鹰在土里扒拉着找种子和虫子的时候，它抬起头来看天，又看见了那只大鸟，它舒展着那双巨大的翅膀在天空中翱翔。

    “‘好奇怪呀，’小鹰自言自语道。 ‘我也有两只大翅膀，两只脚也有大爪子， 它们可不仅仅是用来在土里扒食的。’

    “于是，小鹰奔跑起来，向空中一跃而起， 它像看见过的那只大鸟那样有节奏和坚定地扇动起双翼—它以前从来没有做过的那样展翅飞翔。结果，小鹰不是像往常那样只飞到几英尺高的地方， 而是一直飞上了天空，找到了它真正的潜力和命运的所在。”

阅读欣赏  经济英语  精品译文

Money  Manager

    The most important of the Fed’s responsibilities is formulating and carrying out monetary policy. In this role the Fed acts as the nation’s “money manager” – working to balance the flow of money and credit with the needs of the economy. Simply stated, too much money in the economy can lead to inflation, while too little can stifle economic growth. As the nation’s “money manager”, the Fed seeks to strike a balance between these two extremes, or, in other words, to foster economic growth with price stability.

    The control level that the Fed uses in this process is the “reserves” that banks and thrifts must hold.

货币管理者

    联储最重要的责任是制订和执行货币政策。在执行这个任务中，联储担任国家的“货币管理者”的角色 – 致力于使货币和信贷的流量和经济的需要相平衡。简单地说，经济中货币过多会导致通货膨胀，而过少又会抑制经济增长。作为这个国家的“货币管理者”，联储寻求在这两个极端之间达成一种平衡，或者，换句话说，以物价稳定促使经济增长。

    联储在这方面使用的控制杠杆是各银行和节约组织必须保持的“储备金”。

下一讲：2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义 (十二)