2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(十八)
2007 – KY-- 18 内部资料 翻印必究
I. Reading Comprehension
Text 1
Competitors complain that Microsoft’s recent settlement of their antitrust case with the federal government will do little to protect them or consumers from the software giant’s monopoly power. But they hold out hope that state attorney generals could make the deal more restrictive. “My guess is that all Bill Gates could do was to suppress a big grin when he held his press conference this morning,” said Mitchell Kertzman, chief executive of Liberate Technologies, a rival provider of software for interactive TV. “This settlement does not come close to matching the scope of the violations of antitrust law that Microsoft has been convicted of, ” he added. “It was an inexplicably bad deal for the government.”
Microsoft and the Justice Department presented the settlement to a federal judge this Friday, saying it would end the antitrust case in a way that would help the declining economy. U.S. District Judge Kollar-Kotelly agreed to review it and gave the 18 states involved in the case an opportunity until Tuesday to decide whether to accept the plan.
Several competitors called on the state attorney generals to insist on making changes to the settlement. Sun Microsystems’ general counsel, Michael Morris, said the Justice Department was walking away from a case they had already won.’ Paul T. Cappuccio, the general counsel for AOL Time Warner, said the settlement “does too little to promote competition and protect consumers, and can too easily be evaded by a determined monopolist like Microsoft.”
The state attorney generals had been pressing for stiffer penalties, but on Friday, several said some progress had been made. Among the key elements of the settlement, Microsoft would have to :
- Help rivals make products compatible with the Windows operating system, which runs 91% of the world’s computers.
- Stop using exclusive deals with computer sellers to put competitors at a disadvantage.
- Let three in-house, independent experts monitor its compliance.
“We are quite disappointed. We believe that there are a lot of issues that have not been addressed,” said Michael Mace, chief officer of handheld computer maker Palm, which makes an operating system that competes with one from Microsoft. Several tech executives said the settlement was too focused on restricting Microsoft’s Windows monopoly, and not its broader business practices and non-PC initiatives.
“This is a reward, not a remedy. It fails to terminate the illegal monopoly and fails to free the market from anti-competitive conduct,” said Kelly Jo MacAuthur, general counsel for Real Networks, which makes music and video software threatened by Windows Media Player. “This agreement allows a declared illegal monopolist to determine, at its sole discretion, what goes into the monopoly operating system in the future,” she added. (443 words)
Notes: antitrust 反托拉斯的。attorney general 首席检察官。grin n. 龇牙裂嘴地笑。inexplicably 无法说明地。walking away from 从…安然脱身。 press for 竭力要求。compatible with与…兼容的。 evade vt. 回避，规避。in-house 机构内部的。declared公然的，公开的。 at its discretion 随它的意思，由它斟酌决定。non-PC initiatives非个人计算机业务。
1. We can infer from the text that the main issue behind Microsoft’s antitrust case is the need __________.
A. to increase the strength of a declining economy in the U.S.
B. to limit the reach of Microsoft’s Windows operating system
C. to prevent Microsoft from monopolizing the computer software industry
D. to assist its competitors in making products compatible with Windows
2. The comments from Michael Morris and Paul T. Cappuccio (Para. 3) imply that the Justice Department __________.
A. had just wrapped up a successful antitrust case
B. missed a chance to more strictly regulate Microsoft
C. was leaving most of the work to the state attorney generals
D. had failed in their mission to protect business competition
3. The fourth paragraph suggests that some of the state attorney generals ___________.
A. felt that the settlement was at least partially successful
B. felt the penalties against Microsoft were too harsh
C. believed that the settlement was a sign of progress for the computer industry
D. were under pressure from the government to demand changes in the settlement
4. Many competitors’ attitude towards Microsoft’s antitrust agreement may be summarized as one of __________.
A. indignation B. indifference C. repentance D. frustration
5. The text is mainly about __________.
A. Microsoft’s monopoly over the computer industry in the United States
B. Microsoft’s settlement of their antitrust case with the federal government
C. competitors’ response to Microsoft’s antitrust settlement with the Government
D. the role of the federal government in managing disputes in the technology industry
Text 2
American hopes that pressure from the U.S. will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade barriers are almost certain to evaporate in disappointment. The fact is that Washington faces an obstacle far more formidable than a few power brokers in Tokyo’s government offices. It must buck centuries-old, deep-ingrained Japanese customs. To move the Japanese government, Washington must move an entire nation. So far the U.S. has had only limited success despite congressional threats to retaliate. In an April 9 nationwide broadcast, Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone urged the Japanese to buy more imported goods and unveiled a long-awaited three-year plan to ease import restrictions. But this program was far short of what Washington hoped to see. White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan said the Japanese offered “few new or immediate measures.” While the plan did promise fewer curbs on imports of telecommunications gear, medicine and medical equipment, it offered no relief for American forest products – which are among the most contentious trade issues.
Nakasone gives every sign of being secure in his desire to reduce a Japanese surplus in trade with the U.S. that hit 36.8 billion dollars in 1984 and could soon top 50 billion. Yet to rely on any one Japanese political leader, no matter how popular he is at home, to reverse trade policies is to underestimate the culture and traditions that weigh heavily against a breakthrough. Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan’s top elected leaders. “The whole concept that we can turn this around right now is obviously ridiculous,” says an American trader who has lived and worked here since 1952. “The vested interests are being shaken and slowly moved, but at a pace too slow for the eye to follow. That view is echoed by a U.S. diplomat closely involved in the efforts to open Japanese markets to American goods, Washington’s main solution to the ballooning trade imbalance. “Japan is a relationship society rather than a transactional society,” he says. “You cannot alter that kind of a system with a television speech or a number of general proposals, no matter how well intentioned they are.”
Beyond specific tariffs or other official barriers to imports, experts here say that the U.S. faces these obstacles:
Nearly total domination of the Japanese market by a few dozen giant conglomerates that strongly oppose even token competition – be it from abroad or emerging domestic firms.
An elite, thickly layered bureaucracy that historically has drafted laws and regulations as well as enforced them, and both of these powers would be threatened by trade reforms.
A longtime relationship between business and government that critics say fosters collusion and hinders foreign entry into domestic markets.
To conclude, it seems obvious that it is the determination to hang on to Japanese traditions that could delay indefinitely any meaningful removal of trade barriers. (472 words)
注: dismantle vt. 拆除。formidable 难对付的。broker 掮客。buck vt. 摔掉。retaliate v. 报复。gear n. 制品。weigh heavily against严重妨碍。 vested被赋予的，既得的。conglomerate n. 联合企业。foster 助长，培养。be it from …= whether it might be from …。 collusion n. 共谋，串通。hang on to坚持，死抱住。
1. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Trade War between Japan and U.S. B. It’s Time to Remove Japanese Trade Barriers
C. U.S. Desires to Reduce a Japanese Surplus in Trade D. Why Japan Won’t Submit to U.S. Trade Demands
2. The word “curbs” in line 8 paragraph 1 most probably means ____________.
A. restrictions B. emphases C. considerations D. weights
3. According to the text, the main factor working against any immediate entry into Japanese markets is __________.
A. the rapid development of the Japanese economy
B. tradition, culture, and a deeply-rooted bureaucracy
C. the Japanese determination to keep up its surplus in trade
D. the Japanese political intentions and their trade policies
4. It can be inferred from the text that the Japanese Prime Minister’s plan to relieve import curbs would ___________.
A. offer no relief for all of the American products in the near future
B. allow American goods to enter the Japanese markets more quickly
C. probably fall far short of the U.S. businessmen’s expectations
D. succeed considerably in breaking down the Japanese trade barriers
5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the trade obstacles in the text?
A. Resistance from a large number of big enterprises against foreign competition.
B. Hindrance of business and government to imported goods which threaten domestic markets.
C. Firm support for import restrictions among Japanese workers, one of the powerful political forces.
D. Historically formed bureaucracy which makes laws and regulations and enforces them.
Text 3
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience and perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.
One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them. (361 words)
注：vulnerable 易受伤的，脆弱的；immunologist 免疫学家；condition vt. 使 … 形成条件反射, 训练；saccharin 糖精。
1. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ___________.
A. was strengthened B. was altered C. was not affected D. was weakened
2. According to the text, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ____________.
A. try to control unpleasant stimuli B. turn off the electricity
C. behave passively in controllable situations D. become abnormally suspicious
3. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ____________.
A. they disliked its taste B. it affected their immune systems
C. it led to stomach pains D. they associated it with stomachaches
4. The text tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that ____________.
A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin
B. the sweetener was poisonous to them
C. their immune systems had been altered by the mind
D. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning
5. It can be concluded from the text that the immune systems of animals ____________.
A. can be weakened by conditioning B. can be suppressed by drug injections
C. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D. can be altered by electric shocks
Text 4 (课外阅读)
Air travel is such an everyday experience these days that we are not surprised when we read about a politician having talked with the Japanese Prime Minister one day, having to attend a conference in Australia the following morning and having to be off at midday to sign a trade agreement in Bangkok. But frequent long distance flying can be so tiring that the traveler begins to feel his brain is in one country, his digestion in another and his powers of concentration nowhere----in short, he hardly knows where he is.
The fatigue we normally experience after a long journey is accentuated when we fly from east to west or vice versa because we cross time zones. Air travel is so quick nowadays that we can leave London after breakfast and be in New York in eight hours. Yet what really disturbs us is that when we arrive it is only lunch time, but we have already had lunch on the plane and are expecting dinner.
Doctors say that since air travelers are in no condition to work after crossing a number of time zones, they should go straight to bed on arrival. Airline pilots, in fact, whose experience is so obviously relevant that it ought to serve as a guide, often live by their own watches, ignoring local time, and have breakfast at midnight if necessary. They have far less reason to worry about their health than executives because they are used to flying and are physically fit.
Businessmen who go on long-distance flights, however, are usually out for promotion and flattered to have been chosen because it adds to their status and prestige in the firm. They are lucky if the company is enlightened enough to insist on their taking the doctor's advice and resting for a day before working. Sometimes the managing director is such an energetic character that he expects everyone to be as fit as he is. As he has never felt any ill effects after flying himself, the schedule he lays down is so exacting that the employee is too exhausted to carry it out satisfactorily. He must either go straight to an important meeting as soon as his plane touches down or else return as soon as the meeting is over to report to his boss. Dynamic managers of this type often do not realize how disastrous this policy may be for the man's health and the company's reputation. (411 words)
Notes：digestion 消化，领悟。fatigue n. 疲痨。accentuate 加重。serve as 用来作为。on arrival 一到达以后；enlightened 开明的。be flattered to do sth. 很高兴做某事；lay down 制定；touch down降落。
1. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is true?
A. We experience fatigue on flights only when we cross time zones.
B. We experience fatigue on a long flight when we fly towards the west.
C. Crossing time zones increases the fatigue we experience on a long flight.
D. Air travel is so quick nowadays that we experience fatigue on a flight.
2. According to the text, after long-distance flights, pilots __________.
A. always go straight to bed B. find it wisest to take no notice of local time
C. have breakfast D. worry about their health
3. It can be learned from the text that if a managing director is energetic he frequently _________.
A. expects too much of his employees B. makes his employees attend classes to keep fit
C. refuses to allow his employees to lie down D. has an important meeting with his employees on a flight
4. In the last paragraph, it is implied but not directly said that the employees who go on long-distance flights __________.
A. are obviously unkindly treated B. are not given time to make friends on meetings abroad
C. may make serious mistakes because of tiredness D. may send in their resignations
5. The title which best expresses the main idea of the text would be ____________.
A. Importance of Air Travel in Modern Society B. Crossing Time Zones – Main Reason for the Fatigue
C. Businessmen’s View on Long-distance Flights D. Air Travel and Its Effect on a Person’s Health
III. Writing
Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
“考试恐惧症”
通过考试来测试学生长期以来被认为是评估学生能力的可靠方法。可是不恰当的强调考试已经产生了可怕的后果。正如这幅画所描绘的，一个学童由于极度害怕考试躲在书桌底下缩成一团，不肯去上学。他的父母亲正在努力安慰他，告诉他说，“孩子，出来吧，今天没有考试。”
这幅画暗示了考试对儿童心灵的有害影响。一方面，老师们往往利用各种测试来迫使学在校努力学习。另一方面，许多家长认为学习成绩是评判孩子学习质量的惟一标准。常常发生这样的事：儿童由于在某次考试中没考好而受到家长的严厉惩罚。因此，学生十分害怕考试。
至于我，我认为，考试如果使用得当，是一种有效的评估形式。可是教师和家长有义务鼓励学生把精力集中在学校里学习得好的功课上。学校的一项重要职责是力图使学生的兴趣适合于他将来可能的工作。他们无论如何也不能把考试认为是激励学生学习知识的惟一手段。
Testing students by examinations has long been regarded as a reliable way to assess students’ competence. But disproportionate emphasis on examinations has brought about terrible results. As is depicted in the picture, a schoolboy, frightened to death by examinations, huddles himself up under a desk, refusing to go to school. His parents are trying to comfort him, saying “Come out, there are no examinations today.”
This drawing implies the harmful effect of examinations on children’s psyche. On the one hand, teachers tend to make use of different kinds of testing to force students to work hard at school. On the other hand, most parents think that school records are the sole criterion for judging the quality of a child’s work. It often happens that a child is punished heavily by his parents just because he does not do well in one examination or another. Therefore, pupils are extremely afraid of taking examinations.
As far as I’m concerned, examinations are an effective form of assessment if properly used. But teachers and parents should encourage pupils to concentrate on what they do well at school. And schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s interest to his possible future career. On no account should they reckon examination as the only means of stimulating pupils to pursue knowledge. (218 words)
Notes:：disproportionate 过分的，不成比例的。be frightened to death 吓（怕）得要死。huddle (oneself) up 蜷缩；缩成一团。comfort vt. 安慰。psyche 心灵。one … or another 这样或那样的…。school records 学习成绩。do well 考得好；学得好。pursue knowledge追求（学习）知识。
背记重点词语汉英对照：1. 被认为：be regarded as (=be thought of as, be referred to as)。 2. 不恰当的强调…：disproportionate emphasis on…。 3. 引成，造成：bring about (=give rise to, cause)。 4. 被…吓死：be frightened to death by …。 5. 缩成一团：huddles oneself up。 6. 不肯，拒绝做某事：refuse to do sth. (=be reluctant to do sth.; be unwilling to do sth.)。 7. 迫使某人做某事：force sb. to do sth. (=compel sb. to do sth.; make sb. do sth.)。 8. 常常发生这样的事：It often happens that…。 9. 考得好：do well in an examination。了学校学得好：do well in school。 10. 学习知识：pursue knowledge; 学到知识：acquire knowledge; 积累知识：accumulate knowledge。
Put the following sentences from Chinese into English：
1. 长期以来考试被认为是一种有效的评估形式。
2. 孩子们不肯参加考试，因为如果考得不好，他们将被家长严惩。
3. 这张照片暗示了超级明星们对年轻人心灵的巨大影响。
4. 至于我，我认为，我们应该注意公共规章，并且提高我们的社会公德意识。
5. 我们无论如何也不能把考试认为是激励学生学习知识的惟一手段。.
作业：1. 复习本单元内容，总结各测试项目的解题方法。
2. 辅导班结束后应把讲义与“复习指导”一书结合起来复习，互为补充，以便取得良好的效果。
赠言：道路是曲折的，前途是光明的，胜利就在你的脚下。
Text 1 参考译文
许多竞争者抱怨说，最近微软与联邦政府达成的反托拉斯案件的解决方案对保护他们或消费者不受软件巨人垄断力的影响几乎不起作用。但是他们仍希望，州的首席检察官们能使这个解决方案有更大的约束力。交互式电视软件供应的竞争对手Liberate 科技公司的首席执行官米切尔 克尔兹曼说：“我的猜想是，比尔盖茨能够做的就是他今天早上在举行记者招待会时忍不住咧嘴大笑。”“这个解决方案与微软被控违反反托拉斯法律的范围相距甚远，”他接着说，“对政府来说，这是一笔令人费解的糟糕交易。”
周五，微软和司法部把这项解决方案提交给一位联邦法官，并说这个方案会结束这个反托拉斯案件并有助于日益衰退的经济。美国的地方法官Colleen Kollar-Kotelly同意复查这个解决方案并让涉案的18个州在周二前来决定是否接受这个解决方案。
有些竞争者呼吁州的首席检察官们坚持对这项解决方案提出修改意见。Sun微软系统总顾问迈克尔 莫里斯说，司法部“正从已经获胜的案件中安然脱身”。美国在线时代华纳的总顾问Paul T. Cappuccio说，这个解决方案“对鼓励竞争和保护消费者所起的作用极小，而像微软这样坚决的垄断者很容易规避。”
州的首席检察官们一直在竭力要求实行更严厉的处罚，但于周五，多位检察官说，已经取得了一些进展。这个解决方案的要点中微软必须：
- 帮助对手生产与世界上占91%的计算机使用的视窗操作系统兼容的产品。
- 停止与计算机销售商达成排他性协议而使竞争对手处于不利地位。
- 允许三位进驻公司的独立专家监督解决方案的遵守情况。
“我们很失望。我们认为，有许多问题没有得到处理，”手持电脑制造商Palm 的高层经理迈克尔 梅斯说，Palm生产的一种操作
系统与微软的产品相竞争。数名技术管理人员说，这个解决方案只着重于限制微软视窗的垄断，而没有考虑到它更广泛的经营范围和非个人计算机的业务。
“这是一种报偿，而不是一种补偿。它没有能中止非法垄断，也没有能使市场从反竞争行为中解放出来，”Real Networks的总顾问Kelly Jo MacArthur说，该公司生产的音乐和录相软件受到了视窗媒体播放器（Windows Media Player）的威胁。她说，“这个协议允许一个公然的非法垄断者随意决定，将来什么产品可以进入垄断操作系统。”
Text 2 参考译文
美国希望来自美国的压力会迫使日本突然拆除其贸易壁垒，这种希望几乎肯定会在失望中成为泡影。事实是，华盛顿面临的障碍远比东京政府办公室内的一小撮政治掮客难对付得多。华盛顿必须打破日本几百年来形成的根深蒂固的习俗。为了推动日本政府，华盛顿必须推动日本整个国家。尽管美国国会威胁要进行报复，但是至今美国所取得的进展极其有限。在四月9日的全国广播讲话中，中曾根首相敦促日本人购买更多的进口货并披露了等待已久的三年计划来放宽进口限制。但是这个计划远远没有达到华盛顿所希望看到的结果。白宫办公厅主任唐纳德 里甘说，日本人几乎没有提出什么“新的或直接见效的措施”。虽然这个计划确实承诺要减少对通讯产品、机械和医疗设备的进口限制，但是它并没有放宽对美国森林产品的进口限制，而森林产品是最有争议的贸易问题之一。
中曾根首相一再表示他希望减少日本对美贸易中的顺差。这种顺差在1984年达到368亿美元，并且有望很快超过500亿美元。然而，仅靠一个日本政界领袖，不管他在国内多么深孚众望，要扭转日本的贸易政策实际上是低估了严重阻碍任何突破的日本文化和传统。企业界巨头和数十位不知姓名的官僚其权力和日本最高层民选领导人的权力一样大。“我们能够马上扭转这种状况的整个想法显然是滑稽可笑的”，从1952年以来一直生活和工作在日本的一位美国贸易官员说。“既得利益集团正在动摇并且缓慢地被推动着，但是其进展速度慢得眼睛无法看到。一位积极参与为美国货打开日本市场的美国外交官也持有同样的看法。这是华盛顿解决其不断增加的贸易不平衡的主要办法。“日本是一个讲关系的社会，而不是一个照章办事的社会，”他说，“你不能凭一次电视演讲或几条一般性的建议来改变这种制度，不管你的本意是多么良好。”
这里的专家们说，除了对进口的特定关税或其他的官方壁垒以外，美国还面临如下的障碍：
- 几十家庞大的联合企业集团几乎全面控制了日本市场，这些集团强烈反对那怕是象征性的竟争，不管这种竞争是来自国外还是来自国内新兴的公司。
- 特权阶层铁板一块的官僚体制，这个官僚体制有史以来一直制订并强制推行法律和法规，这两种权力都会受到贸易改革的威胁。
- 批评家认为，企业和政府之间长期形成的关系使他们串通一起并阻碍外国进入日本国内市场。
总之，似乎很明显，死抱住日本传统的决心会无限期地拖延任何对贸易壁垒的实质性的拆除工作。
Text 3 参考译文
我们有时认为，人在焦虑面前显得十分脆弱，而且压力似乎也会影响低等动物的免疫防御能力。例如，在一次实验中，美国丹佛大学行为免疫学家Mark Laudenslager给24只老鼠轻微的电击。一半老鼠会转动笼子里的一个轮子从而切断电流，而另一半则不能。这两组老鼠一对一配对，这样每次一只老鼠转动轮子，保护它自己和另一只无能为力的伙伴不受电击。Laudenslager发现，这些无能为力的老鼠的免疫反应下降到低于正常水平，但能切断电流的其它老鼠的免疫反应并不下降。他认为，他所证明的是，对事件缺乏驾驭能力，而不是经历本身，是削弱免疫系统的主要原因。
其他研究人员的看法也一样。Duke大学医学院的心理学家Jay Weiss指出，能控制不良刺激的动物不会产生睡眠紊乱或脑化学的变化，而这些现象是有压力的老鼠所特有的症状。但是如果动物面临它们不能控制的情况，那么以后当他们遇到能够控制的经历时，他们会表现得消极被动。这些发现支持了心理学家的看法：无能为力的经历和感受是免疫力下降的最有害的因素之一。
心态如何改变免疫反应的最令人惊讶的例子之一是偶然发现的。1975年罗契斯特大学医学院的心理学家Robert Ader给老鼠喂甜食并同时注射一种药物，这种药能抑制免疫系统并引起胃部不适，这样使老鼠形成条件反射去躲避糖精。这些老鼠把糖精和胃痛联系起来了，因此很快学会躲避甜食。为了消除老鼠对甜食的厌恶，Ader又让老鼠接触糖精，这次没有加药，他惊讶地发现，以前接受过大量甜食有过条件反射的那些老鼠死了。他只能推测，他已成功地使这些老鼠形成条件反射，以至单单糖精就可以用来削弱老鼠的免疫系统并足以杀死老鼠。
阅读欣赏 经济英语 (对话)
- On the other side, the Chinese are saying that it’s very difficult to get into other markets in the developed countries , for example. The MFA (多国纤维协定) is only being phased out (逐步取消). Once the Chinese textile industry comes onto the world market in strength (大量地), China will be trying to get across to the markets of the developed countries. Do you see any complications there?
- There are clear complications as regards the whole textile area for everybody in the world and the phase-out(分阶段中止) of the MultipleFibre Agreement as you know is one which is over a period of ten years under the Uruguay Round. Clearly, one of the areas of particular concern in the negotiations is the impact of China on the textile and clothing market generally, so I think it is a specific issue. Also, the other contracting parties(缔约各方) will be seeking adequate safeguard mechanisms to ensure that if China becomes a member of the WTO there are mechanisms which allow them to protect their own interests in the event of (万一) severe damage being caused to their economy by exports from China or whatever (或诸如此类的事). All of these issues are being discussed.
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