【摘要】 目的 观察四川地区人上颌恒中切牙发育沟的表面结构特征,以指导固定修复体的仿真制作。方法 采用一定纳入标准选择58颗四川地区人离体上颌恒中切牙,测量其解剖牙冠长度、宽度,近远中发育沟长度、宽度,以及近远中发育沟两边界之夹角。结果 四川地区人上颌恒中切牙的解剖牙冠冠长和冠宽分别为(11.9±1.3) mm和(8.7±0.8) mm,发育沟长和沟宽分别为(5.7±0.9) mm和(2.1±0.5) mm,近远中发育沟长度和宽度的差异均无统计学意义。冠长与发育沟长的比值为2.1,冠宽与发育沟宽的比值为4.2。近中发育沟两边界之夹角为23°±4.7°,远中发育沟两边界之夹角为23°±5.7°。结论 四川地区人上颌恒中切牙解剖牙冠的长、宽平均值与中国人的平均值接近;冠长与发育沟长之比、冠宽与发育沟宽之比恒定,发育沟所成角度的大小较确定;其数值为固定修复体的仿真制作提供了参考。
【关键词】 上颌恒中切牙 发育沟 形态学
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the morphology of maxillary permanent central incisors of people in Sichuan so as to provide some guidance for emulational restoration of fixed prosthesis. Methods Fifty-eight extracted maxillary permanent central incisors were selected from people in Sichuan. All of the teeth involved in this study were selected according to certain criterions. The length and width of the anatomical crowns, the length and the width of the developmental grooves and the angles formed by the two sides of the developmental grooves were mea-sured. Results The average length and width of anatomical crowns in Sichuan people were (11.9±1.3) mm and (8.7±0.8) mm respectively. And the average length and width of the developmental grooves were (5.7±0.9) mm and (2.1±0.5) mm respectively. There were no statistical differences between the length of the mesial and distal developmental grooves and so were the width. The ratio of the length of crowns to that of the developmental grooves was 2.1, while for the width, it was 4.2. The angles of the mesial and distal developmental grooves formed by its two sides were 23°±4.7° and 23°±5.7° respectively. Conclusion The average length and width of maxillary permanent incisors were close to Wang′s report, which means the length and width of the maxillary permanent incisors of people in Sichuan were quite close to those of Chinese people. The ratio of the length of anatomical dental crowns to that of the developmental grooves was steady, and so was the ratio of the width of them. The angles of the developmental grooves were quite steady too. These may help us in making fixed prosthesis.
[Key words] maxillary permanent central incisors; developmental grooves; morphology
随着生活水平的大幅度提高,患者对修复体的美观要求显著提高。在这种条件下,仿真修复应运而生,并越来越受到重视。仿真修复对应的工艺过程是仿真制作,后者以天然牙各种性能的全面剖析为基础,通过各种仿真技术,模仿天然牙的外形、色彩、质地、纹理等,使修复体达到模拟天然牙的整体效果[1]。在仿真制作中,尤为关键的一点就是对牙齿表面细微结构的仿制与刻画。目前对牙齿表面形态的研究多针对釉质磨损的原因和机制,而对牙齿表面细微结构的形态学研究尚不多见[2]。随着仿真修复制作的发展,牙齿表面细微结构的形态学研究也得到重视。上颌中切牙是所有牙齿中唇面面积最大、露齿时间最多的牙齿,同时也是外伤时最容易伤及的牙齿,对其唇面形态的研究必然走在仿真修复的研究前沿[3]。本文采用数码图片测量法对上颌恒中切牙表面形态进行细微观察,所得出的结论有助于仿真修复体的制作。
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
在四川大学华西口腔医院和四川省内数个口腔诊所收集临床拔除的上颌恒中切牙58颗,要求牙冠完整,无严重龋坏[4],发育沟轮廓肉眼可见,无明显的发育沟发育不良,牙体磨耗等于或小于Smith和Knight[5]磨耗分级标准Ⅰ级,牙体无明显的色素沉着。将牙齿表面的软组织和牙石用刮匙清除,浸泡于质量分数0.1%洗必泰溶液中备用[6]。佳能PowerShotA620数码相机及配套脚架(Canon公司,日本)。
1.2 发育沟的标记方法
将牙体长轴与地面垂直,标记者的视线与地面水平,并与离体牙唇面平齐向牙体投射;以牙体长轴作为转动轴转动牙齿,直到牙齿唇面的连续曲线在视线上出现中断,在中断处用铅笔标记,为发育沟的边界。由3名标记者分别独立标记,取3人标记的平均值作为发育沟的边界。
1.3 图片采集方法
标记完成后,采用PowerShot A620数码相机拍摄牙齿的照片。拍摄模式设定为“近拍”,强制关闭闪光灯。所拍图片格式为JPG,每张图片大小约1.3~1.4 MB,分辨率约2 048×1 536像素。为使图片清晰,拍摄时相机固定在脚架上,镜头平面与水平面平行,镜头距牙面的垂直距离约为6 cm;牙齿固定,唇面向上,牙体长轴及切缘与水平面平行。为减小二维图像采集时物像形变造成的误差,用1张最小格为1 mm×1 mm的方格坐标纸作为图片背景,以修正物像形变。在白色墙面、深色水磨石地板的房间里,在北窗自然光线下采用自动拍照模式进行照相,避免阳光直射[7]。
1.4 测量方法
用A4相片纸打印照片,采用直线拟合方法,将发育沟的2条边界处理成直线并在照片上进行测量。牙冠的长度和宽度测量方法[8]:冠长为牙尖到唇面釉牙骨质界最低点间平行于牙长轴的距离;冠宽为牙齿近远中接触点间垂直于牙长轴的距离。采用自行拟定的标准,测定以下指标:发育沟长,为切缘到发育沟顶点的垂直距离;发育沟宽,为发育沟两边界与切缘交点之间的距离;发育沟夹角,为发育沟两边界之间的夹角。为减小测量误差,每个样本均由同一人重复测量3次,取平均值。3次测量中,长宽误差超过0.5 mm或角度误差超过5°,则重新测量。采用精度为0.1 mm的直尺和精度为1°的量角器测量每个样本的所有项目。
1.5 统计方法
采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行分析,计算以上各指标的平均值、标准差、最大值、最小值;统计方法采用t检验,检验水准为双侧α=0.05。
2 结果
58颗离体上颌中切牙的冠长、冠宽、发育沟长、发育沟宽和发育沟夹角的测量结果见表1。对近远中发育沟长进行配对t检验,t=-1.834,P=0.076;对近远中发育沟宽进行配对t检验,t=0.689,P=0.490;对近远中发育沟夹角进行配对t检验,t=0.933,P=0.357;三者的差别均无统计学意义。上颌中切牙冠长与发育沟长、冠宽与发育沟宽的比值见表2。冠长与发育沟长比值的平均值为2.1,冠宽与发育沟宽比值的平均值为4.2。上颌中切牙冠长与发育沟长、冠宽与发育沟宽的相关性分析结果见表3。由表3可见,离体上颌中切牙的冠长与发育沟长、冠宽与发育沟宽均无统计学上的相关性。