2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(十五)

2007 – KY-- 15   内部资料 翻印必究

I. Use of English (Cloze)

    Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is ___1___, the other is the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. ____2____ any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out ___3___ effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or ___4___ , often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

    The degree of secrecy naturally ____5___ considerably. Some of the bigger firms are ___6___ in researches which are ___7____  such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive ___8___ to them not to keep them secret. ___9___ a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy___10 ___the stage at which patents can be ____11___ . Even more processes are never patented ___12___ but kept as secret processes. This ___13___ particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part ___14___ they do in physical and mechanical industries.

    Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an ___15___ that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in ____16___ technical or scientific books from libraries ___17___ they are unwilling to have their names entered ___18___ having taken out such and such a book, ___19___ the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be ____20___ .  (269 words)

 1. A. kept up              B. carried out           C. set up                 D. worked out
 2. A. In so far as           B. For all that     C. Just as                 D. As far as
 3. A. to                  B. within           C. from                   D. for
 4. A. so                  B. else                  C. still                   D. even
 5. A. varies              B. revises       C. modifies                D. alters
 6. A. participated          B. embarked            C. engaged                D. dedicated
 7. A. with                B. of                   C. in                     D. beyond
 8. A. fault                B. failure              C. merit                  D. advantage
 9. A. Yet                 B. Furthermore           C. Consequently           D. Otherwise
10. A. when               B. until                 C. unless                 D. after
11. A. taken out            B. made out             C. turned out               D. searched out
12. A. at large              B. at stake            C. at all                  D. at once
13. A. fits                 B. suits                 C. conforms               D. applies
14. A. which               B. than                 C. as                     D. that
15. A. excess              B. exception             C. extreme                D. extent
16. A. attaining             B. acquiring              C. obtaining               D. achieving
17. A. because             B. though               C. if                     D. where
18. A. for                 B. before                C. into                   D. as
19. A. much as             B. for fear              C. even if                 D. as though
20. A. understanding        B. undermining           C. undergoing              D. undertaking

II. 选择搭配题

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about divorce and alternative lifestyles. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A--F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] The problems divorce has brought about
[B] Does high divorce rate mean refusal to marry?
[C] Children’s rights are well protected
[D] The root of high divorce rate in America
[E] Sex equality is apparent in American divorces
[F] Certain marriages are more likely to break

    During the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couple promise each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce rate has more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriages that occurred in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce. The U.S.A. has one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.

    What goes wrong? The fact that divorce is so common in the United States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just the opposite is true. Americans expect a great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, and intellectual compatibility. They want to be deeply loved and understood. It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many get divorced. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love and understanding.

    Which marriages are most likely to end in divorce? Marriages between people with low incomes or limited education and marriages between teenagers are at greatest risk. The number of divorces between couples with children under the age of 18 is declining, and almost 45% of divorcing couples are childless.

    When a couple gets divorced, the court may require the man to pay his former wife a monthly sum of money called alimony. The amount of alimony depends on the husband’s income, the wife’s needs, and the length of the marriage. If the woman is working and earns a good salary, she may receive no alimony at all. Occasionally, the court decides that a woman should pay her husband alimony. About 10% of American women outearn their husbands. If the woman has totally supported her husband during the marriage, the court may decide that she must continue to support him after the divorce. This is a rather new concept in the United States.

    If a divorcing couple has children, the court must determine which parent the children will live with and who will provide for their support. In most cases, the children live with the mother, and the father pays child support and has visitation rights. However, it is not uncommon for a father to get full custody or joint custody of his children when this arrangement seems to be in the children’s best interest.

    The high risk of divorce doesn’t seem to make Americans afraid to try marriage—again and again. By middle age, about 95% of Americans have been married at least once. About 80% of those who get divorced eventually remarry. Only in Japan is the married proportion of the population as high as it is in the U.S. A.  In fact, remarriage and the creation of new families is so common in the United States that one American joke tells of a wife calling to her second husband, “Quick, John! Come here and help me! Your children and my children are beating up our children!”

    Despite the dominance of the married lifestyle, the number of people choosing alternative lifestyles is increasing, and their behavior is increasingly accepted by the general population. The number of unmarried couples living together rose from about 500,000 in 1970 to about 2.6 million in 1988. Many older people are horrified by the growing trend of unmarried couples living together. However, it is not just an American trend. It’s even more common in Europe than in the U.S.A.

(课外练习 下次课给答案)

Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about You’re Stuck. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] Load up on new tools
[B] Be creative
[C] Avoid taking cover
[D] Look beyond your job description
[E] Manage your own PR
[F] Build a circle of allies

    As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career purgatory—there’s no way up and no way out.

    After talking to career coaches, manager, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune put together the following tips to help workers break free from the inertia.

    Don’t hide out behind your computer. “You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have,” says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren’t willing to tackle.

    Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. “Allies will be helpful in terms of letting your know information, like if there’s a job possibility that comes up,” says Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group. Who you know can make a big difference, especially in difficult times.

    This is the perfect time to acquire new expertise. (If the boss can’t pay, do it on your own.) Brush up on computer skills, audit a class, or get a certificate or degree in your field – and when jobs do open up, you’ll be ready.

    People don’t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative. Lauren Dolliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, has a client looking to hire a COO. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. “He said no because the VP only does what’s expected,” says Doliva. “The CEO didn’t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better.”

    Doing well is part productivity and part publicity,” says Marilyn Moats Kennedy, a managing partner at Career Strategies. Let people know when you put in the extra effort to get a project done early. Without being cheesy, make sure that you’re giving off the right vibes by keeping a positive attitude, avoiding emotional outburst, and appearing calm and organized. And don’t forget to look the part. Many didn’t get promotions because of their professional presence—grooming, clothes, and body language.

III. English-Chinese Translation
                                                 
    How can science be encouraged to flourish and grow? How can the results of science be used to the best purpose for the  benefit of humanity? 1) It was to find the answers to these questions, which are not merely academic but practical ones, that this whole inquiry into the place of science in society was undertaken. It can be justified only in so far as it helps to find them.

    The way to answer the first question is to find the best conditions, external and internal, which have in the past helped the progress of science and to anticipate the changed needs of the present and future. The answer to the second question, which depends on the first, is set out towards the end of this chapter. Some of the external conditions for the flourishing of science in the past have already been discussed. 2) In essence they are provided only in periods of social and economic advance, when science is given social importance and material means and is continually stimulated to new activity by problems presented to it from the economic and social spheres.

    3) Now these problems have been essentially, as we have seen, those that touched the interests of the ruling class of the time, whether real, like navigation, or imaginary, like astrology.  4) The opportunity and the honor given to the practitioners of science at any time are a measure of the degree to which they serve at these interests. They are greatest in periods of active advance, because then the people who are occupied with science are closely in touch with the main economic interests, and are often drawn from the directing classes themselves or are brought into their counsels because of their abilities. We have had many examples in these pages such as: Archimedes, Grosseteste, Leonardo, Galileo, Boyle, Davy, Pasteur, Kelvin.

    5) But for the secure advance of science it is also essential that those interests should lie along lines which bring the scientists into connection with constructive practical activities. For example, the relative sterility of natural science in the times between Pericles and Alexander is an indication of what able and gifted individuals could fail to do, if divorced from any relation to production through the overriding interests of the political problems of a decaying, small-city, slave society. (386 words)

IV. Writing

Directions:You are working as a part-timer for a foreign enterprise, your boss is asking you to writing a letter for him to John, one of the staff members, to reject a proposal on expanding field operations.

Write a letter to John to:
1) thank him for the proposal,
2) tell him gently but firmly why his offer cannot be accepted,
3) give him some encouragement for future efforts.

Letter of Rejecting

Dear John,

    I read with great interest your proposal to expand our field operations. Thanks for taking time to present this idea. 这个计划听起来不错，但是很遗憾目前还派不上用场。

    As you know, we are making preparations to introduce several new products, and recent figures indicate this operation is going to draw on all our available resources for the next eight months.只是我们现在还没有资金，人力或者培训能力来拓展我们的地盘。You may be certain I’ll remember your suggestion if the right time comes.

    希望能收到更多像你提供的这种好点子，那将会使我的工作变得更轻松。Thanks, John.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

作业：1. 认真复习本单元内容。   2. 词汇背记必须结合完形、阅读和英译汉练习。 3. 在使用“复习指导”时，要注意各章分头全面推进，并针对自己的弱项选择相关章节做重点突破。

赠言： 要有收获就必须不断投入。全神贯注是事业成功的必修课。胜利往往就在于坚忍不拔。

选择搭配题参考译文(1)

    在传统的婚礼上，新郎和新娘会相互许诺终生相爱。然而美国约有1/4的婚姻以离异收场。自1940年以来，离婚率增长了一倍还多，专家预言，20世纪70年代的婚姻中，约有50% 会以离婚告终。美国是世界上离婚率最高的国家之一，也许可称世界之最。

    问题究竟出在哪里呢？离婚在美国司空见惯并不意味着美国人视夫妻关系为儿戏，恰恰相反，他们对婚姻的期望值很高。他们追求肉体和谐、情感相通和智力相当，他们希望彼此深知深爱。正是因为美国人对婚姻的期望值太高，才使离异的人居高不下。他们宁愿不结婚，也不要没有爱情和缺乏理解的婚姻。

    哪一种婚姻最可能以离婚收场呢？低收入或少教育阶层之间的婚姻，以及青少年之间的婚姻风险最大。孩子在18岁以下的夫妇间的离婚率在下降，几乎45%的离异夫妇都没有子女。

    夫妇离婚时，法庭会要求男方每月付给前妻一笔钱，即赡养费。赡养费的金额依丈夫的收入、妻子的需要和婚姻时间长短而定。 如果妻子有工作而且收入不菲，她可能连一点赡养费也拿不到。偶尔也有法庭裁定妻子付给丈夫赡养费的。约有10% 的美国妇女收入超过他们的丈夫。如果妻子在婚姻期间一直完全供养丈夫，法庭可能裁定离婚后女方必须继续供养丈夫。这在美国是一个相当新的观念。

    如果办理离婚的夫妇有孩子，法庭必须确定父母中谁与孩子一起生活，谁为孩子提供羊育费。在大多数情况下，孩子同母亲一起生活，父亲则支付孩子的抚养费并享有探视权。然而，只要最大限度地对孩子有利，父亲拥有对孩子的全部监护权或父母共有监护权的情况并不少见。

    离婚的高风险似乎没有使美国人产生恐惧心理，他们依然一次又一次地尝试婚姻，约95% 的美国中年人至少结过一次婚， 离婚的人中，约有80% 最后还是再次成婚。只有日本人结婚的比例同美国人一样高。其实，再婚和组织新家庭在美国非常普遍。美国有一则笑话说：一位妻子对她的二婚丈夫大声喊：“快来呀，约翰，不好啦！你的孩子和我的孩子正在打我们的孩子！”

    尽管大多数都结婚成家，选择其他生活方式的人也在增加， 他们的行为日益被一般人认可。未婚同居伴侣的人数已从1970年的50万人增加到1988年的260万人。许多老年人对日益增长的未婚同居趋势感到震惊。不过这不仅是美国的趋势，这种趋势在欧洲更甚。

选择搭配题参考译文(2)

    当公司持续消减经费的时候， 频繁升迁的日子就变成了遥远的回忆。同样，有无穷的机会展示你才华的日子也成了遥远的回忆。面对着更多寥寥无几的选择，失业浪潮中的幸存者们发现自己陷入了事业的苦难中---- 进退维谷。

    在经过与职业指导、经理、招聘人员和心理学家们的交流之后，《财富》杂志总结了以下几条帮助上班族们“解套”的秘诀。

    1．避免蜗居效应

    不要把自己藏在电脑后面。“你真的应该努力去开扩或保持自己的视野，”大卫•奥普顿—─ExecuNet事业管理公司的创办人和首席执政官这样说。在会上积极发言，加盟各个项目小组，并主动去做你的同事们都不愿去做的困难项目。

    2．建立自己的盟友圈

    巩固你现有的关系网并努力在办公室内外增加新的“关系网”。 “盟友们在帮助你获得信息方面是非常有用的， 比方说，是否有新的工作机会出现，”首席执行官、前景集团的创始人迪伊•索德这样说。你所认识的人可能会给你的生活带来很大的变化， 特别是当你处境艰难的时候。

    3．装备新的谋生工具

    此时是获得新技能的最佳时间。 （如果你的老板不愿意为此出钱，你就自己支付这笔费用。）复习电脑知识， 旁听一门课程，或是获得一个与自己的工作领域相关的证书或学位—─这样， 当新的工作来临时，你已经准备就绪。

    4．看得比职务要求的更远

    人们并不是仅仅因为做好自己应该做的工作就得到提升； 他们得到提升是因为他们以一种积极主动的态度来工作。 海德里克-斯特拉格尔斯国际招聘公司的合伙人劳伦•多莉娃有个客户想雇佣一个首席运营官。 可是，当有人提出那个搞营运的副总裁是明显符合条件的候选人时，这个首席执行官却马上拒绝了他。 “他之所以说不，是因为那个人只做职责之内的事，”多莉娃说。“首席执行官认为他不是那种敢于担风险和肯花时间把自己工作做得更好的人。”

    5．处理好你的公共关系

    “出色的工作部分表现在生产能力上，部分表现在公众形象上，”职业策略公司的管理合伙人玛里琳•莫茨•肯尼迪说。当你完成了某件事情或是通过额外的付出提早完成工作时，应当让别人知道。不要自惭形秽，确保自己通过保持一种积极的态度、避免感情冲动和表现得冷静而有条理去营造良好的气氛。不要忘记让自己看上去像做这个事的人。 许多人之所以失去了晋升的机会，就是因为他们忽视了良好的职业仪表—─装饰、服装和身势语言。

阅读欣赏  经济英语

Black Economic Development in Atlanta

    Since the early 1970s, Atlanta has enjoyed the reputation as a Mecca for black economic development. Perhaps the most significant boost to this image came when the city elected its first black Mayor, Maynard Jackson, who served two terms from 1974 to 1981, ushered in 18 years of black political leadership at city hall and helped create an environment in which the number of black-owned companies tripled, from 3961 in 1977 to 11804 firms today. Atlanta now ranks sixth among U.S. cities in the number of black-owned businesses.

    In 1982, Jackson was succeeded by Andrew Young, who became the city’s second elected two-term black mayor. During the Young administration, Atlanta’s minority participation goal was increased to 35 percent on all city contracts. By this time, the city’s Minority and Female Business Enterprise (MFBE) program was a model for the nation – not only because it created greater access to public work, but because it paved the way for Atlanta’s minority-owned firms to do business in the private sector as well.

    Between 1973 and 1988, the city of Atlanta awarded almost 1600 contracts to 612 minority-owned firms. The average value of those contracts was more than $300,000. During the same period, minority firms received 38 percent of the $283 million in joint-venture contracts awarded by the city.

    “Fair government created an environment for success for all people, ” says Herman J. Russell, chairman and CEO of H.J. Russell & Co. “I was ready to take advantage of opportunities when the doors opened. That’s the key.” Russell, who started his construction empire in 1952, won $75.2 million in contracts through the city’s MFBE program between 1980 and 1990. In 1972, the company grossed $6 million; in 1991, it posted sales of $143.6 million.

Notes: Mecca原为Mecca伊斯兰教圣地麦加，此处指“向往的地方”。 usher in 迎来。gross v. 总收入。post v. 公布。

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