2007北京太奇培训学校考研英语强化班授课讲义(二十)

2007 – KY-- 20   内部资料 翻印必究

I. Reading comprehension

Text  1

    How many people really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same miserable consequences today as it did in the 1930’s, when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and there were no compensating social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably relieved the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market problems.
  
    Yet there are also many ways in which our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployed counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.
  
    As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions and hence whether high level of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate – that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.   (457 words)

Notes: subsistence（维持）生存；affluence 富裕；handicap 阻碍，使不利；handicapped残截人；forced idleness被迫闲呆；tallies统计；in-kind以货代款的。

1. In the first paragraph, the author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that _________.

A. more people were unemployed in the 1930’s         B. unemployment now has less severe effects
C. social programs are more needed now              D. poverty has increased since the 1930’s

2. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a year is probably to show that ________.

A. there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some workers
B. unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness
C. recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can cause hardships for individual workers
D. a majority of those who are jobless at any one time do not suffer severe hardship

3. According to paragraph 2, the conclusion about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the fact that _________.

A. there are some people who do remain unemployed for long
B. the capacity for self-support depends on receiving high wages
C. at different times during a year, different people are unemployed
D. many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents

4. The author stated that the alleviating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often NOT felt by _________.

A. those who are employed but live in poverty       B. dependent children in single-earner families
C. workers who are old or become disabled            D. full-time workers who become unemployed

5. Which of the following is the principal topic of the text?

A. What causes the labor market problems that result in suffering.
B. Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty.
C. Where the areas of agreement are among the poverty, employment, and earning figures.
D. How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by labour market problems.

Word study

count [kaun] v. 1. vt. 数（数目），点（数）：The shopkeeper was counting (his) money.(店主在数钱。)  2. vt. 算（在内）：Six people are on the trip if you count the children. (如你把孩子算在内，6人在旅行。) There were forty people in the bus, counting the driver. (把司机算在内，公共汽车上有40人。)  3. vi. 起作用，重要，有价值：Every minute counts.(每一分钟都很重要。)  Everything we do counts. (我们做的每件事都有价值。) The individual doesn’t count much in the situation. (这个人在这种形势下无足轻重。) White lies don’t count.(为了不使人难过而撒谎不要紧。)
成语 count against 对…不利，看作不利因素His age counted against him.(他的年龄对他不利。)  count among 把…算作一个，认为是…之一：Great Britain counts France among her allies.(英国把法国算作一个同盟国。)  count for 有价值，有重要性：His reputation does not count for much.(他的声誉并不很重要。)  count in 把…算进去，让…也参加：We have counted you all in.(我们已把你们大家算进去了。) count on 指望，依靠，准备（得到）：If there’ s anything I can do, count on me.(如有什么我能做的事，让我去做吧。) You can always count on Bob in any emergency.(你在任何紧急情况下都能指望鲍勃。) I think we can count on Mr. White to support us.(我认为我们能指望怀特先生支持我们。) May I count on your coming?(我能否指望你来？)  count out 数清楚，数出：He counted out 10 ￡ 5 notes.(他数出10张5镑的钞票。) count up 加起来，算出总数：Count up those figures for me.(把这些数字给我加起来。 n. 计算，总计；统计数字。成语keep count of 计数，统计总数。lose count of 算[弄]不清确切数目。 take... count of 给予注意，计较：I never take any count of what people say about me.（我从不计较别人说我什么。）

Text  2

    While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about $3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over $34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over the two-year period.
  
    In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At Associated British Ports, labor disruptions common in the 1970s and early 1980s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list – as there always was before privatization – to have a telephone installed.
  
    Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of the shares: at British Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; and at British Telecom, 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.
  
    Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “What we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their resources to the choice. (372 words)

Notes: headed for走向。disruption 混乱，动乱。come about发生。eligible 有做…的资格的、合格的。press sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事。give away给掉；泄露。

1. According to the text, all of the following were benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT :

A. Privatized industries paid taxes to the government.
B. The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries.
C. Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased.
D. Total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries decreased.

2. It can be inferred from the second paragraph of the text that the author considers labor disruptions to be ___________.

A. an inevitable problem in a weak national economy
B. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them
C. a hindrance to high performance levels in an industry
D. a phenomenon found more often in state-owned industries than in private companies

3. The increased productivity in companies that had been privatized resulted partly from the fact that ___________.

A. a large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies
B. free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders
C. the government ceased to regulate major industries
D. unions conducted wage negotiations for employees

4. By the sentence “When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper.” the author means that ____________.

A. it is necessary for the government to sell all shares in state-owned enterprises to their employees
B. the individual shareholder will reap great gains from whatever sacrifices he or she makes to achieve them
C. governments must eliminate all resistance to the free-market system to implement privatization programs
D. the power of self-interest contributes to the improved productivity when employees buy shares in private companies

5. The quotation “What we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” in the last paragraph is most probably used to _______.

A. state a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence
B. counter a position that the author of the text considers to be incorrect
C. present a historical maxim(格言) to challenge the principle introduced in the third paragraph
D. show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the text have supported their arguments

Text  3

    The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, pure, unprejudiced, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism － to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of society news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has local reaction in the financial market, political circles, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.
   
    There is in journalism a widespread view that when you consider giving an interpretation, you are entering dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.

    The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions. What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough? 

    As for the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the beginning of the article. (This is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large influence, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.
   
    Thus in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism”, arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.
   
    The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes － as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the light in the murky news channels.) If an editor is intent on giving a prejudiced view of the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that support his particular viewpoint. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story － promoting it to page one or putting it on page thirty.(455 words)

Notes: waters 领域；swirl 旋转；presentation 刊登，报导；confine … to …把…限止到…；come about 发生；call upon 访问，号召，参照；in passing 顺便，随便；be intent on 打算。

1. The main idea which the text intends to express is “___________”.

   A. Functions of Newspapers                           B. Interpreting the News
   C. Choosing Objective Facts                           D. Subjective versus Objective Processes

2. The author implies that ___________.

   A. in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgment B. the writer is supposed to limit himself to the facts 
   C. reporters tend to give a prejudiced view of the facts    D. editors have the right to control what the reporters write
3. The beginning sentence should present the most important fact because ______________.

   A. it will affect the reader to continue
   B. it details the general attitude of the writer 
   C. most readers often scan just the first paragraph 
   D. it is the best way to write according to the rules of journalism

4. Readers are justified in thinking that the most important aspect of the news reported in the newspaper is that it should be _____________.

   A. true and impartial       B. edited properly       C. objectively reported   D. interpreted in detail 

5. The word “murky” in line 3 Paragraph 6 most probably means ___________.

   A. exciting            B. perplexing            C. different            D. gloomy

II. Writing 

Directions: In this section, you are to write an essay of 160—200 words on the title “Job-hopping(工作跳槽)”. Your essay should be based on the following outline:

1) Present situation,
2) Reasons against job-hopping,
3) Reasons for job-hopping, 
4) Your own opinion.

    我们现在生活在一个就业市场竞争激烈的社会里，来自社会各阶层的毕业生和求职者争夺高薪的工作。在这种环境中，大量的工作机遇使跳槽对于那些喜欢换换工作的人来说成为现实。然而，跳槽仍然是一个有争议的课题。

    有些人对跳槽嗤之以鼻。他们认为，换工作必然会带来风险和不稳定，而坚持干一份工作意味着有安全保障。这种保障中包含着许多被提拔的可能性和退休后有权领取养老金。根据他们的看法，“滚动的石头不生苔”（意为见异思迁将一事无成）。

    然而，由于新兴市场创造了许多新的就业机会，变换工作的趋势与日俱增。有些人甚至赞成定期换一次工作，因为他们认为，一个人将有更多的机遇来使他们的知识得到实际应用并且能应用新学到的技能，否则这种技能可能会丢失。他们觉得，一份有前途的工作会给人更多的实现希望的机会并且能够使他们的潜力得以发挥。对于他们来说，“滚石不长苔，跳槽不聚财”这句话不起作用，因为工作流动中可以得到许多好处。

    依我看，换工作不仅能使人有机会取得成功，而且也能使本来单调乏味的工作妙趣横生。不过，要小心，不要过分沉溺于跳槽。

    We now live in a society where competition in the job market rages, with graduates and job-hunters from all walks of life scrambling for highly-paid jobs. Within this context, ample job opportunities turn job-hopping into a reality for those who desire a change. Job-hopping, however, is still a topic on which no consensus has been reached.
  
    Some people give a frown of disapproval to job-hopping, insisting that changing jobs involves risks and uncertainties, while holding on to a job means security. This security includes the increased chances of being promoted and being entitled to pension after retirement. According to them, “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”
  
    There is, however, a growing tendency to change jobs as the emerging markets create new job opportunities. Some people even favor switching from one job to another at regular intervals, as they think a person will have more opportunities to actualize their knowledge and apply newly-acquired skills that might otherwise be lost. In their minds, a promising job will give more opportunities for fulfillment and allow them to live up to their potential. For them, the thought of “A rolling stone gathers no moss” falls flat as there are benefits to be gained from moving.
  
    In my opinion, changing jobs will not only improve your opportunities for success, but will also add to an otherwise monotonous life. However, care should be taken not to go overboard about job-hopping.  (232 words) 

Notes: 1. Job-hopping (=throw up one job and take on another) 工作跳槽。2. rage vi. 变得剧烈。 3. scramble for 争夺，竞争（尤指为得到某物）。4. context 环境。5. consensus n. 一致。6. give a frown of disapproval 不赞成。7. hold on to 坚持。8. A rolling stone gathers no moss. (谚语) 滚石不长苔，跳槽不聚财。9. emerging market 新兴市场。10. live up to one’s potential 发挥出某人的潜力。11. fall flat (计划等) 失败，(话、玩笑等)不起作用。12. add to an otherwise monotonous life 活跃原本单调乏味的生活。13. go overboard about/for 沉迷于，热衷于。

Text 1  参考译文

    有多少人真正因为劳务市场问题而遭受不幸呢？这是最重要也是最有争议的社会政策问题之一。我们的社会统计数字在许多方面夸大了困难的程度。如今失业的后果已不像30年代那样悲惨了。那时，大部分失业者都是主要的挣钱养家的人，而那时的工资和收入只能勉强维持生活，而且那时候还没有为那些在劳务市场失败的人制订出补偿性的社会保障措施。财富的增加，家庭中出现更多的挣工资的人，失业者中次要挣钱者的日益普遍，社会福利保护的加强，这一切都毫无疑问减轻了失业造成的后果。工资与收入数据还夸大了困难范围。在几百万收入接近或低于最低工资标准的小时工中，绝大多数人来自有好儿份工资收入、相对来说比较富裕的家庭。计算在贫困统计之内的人大部分是年老者、残疾人或者由于家庭负担不能进入劳务市场者，因此这些贫困统计数字根本就不能精确地反映出劳动力市场所存在的问题。

    然而，社会统计数字在许多方面又低估了与劳务市场有关的问题。失业统计没有包括成百万虽然充分就业但工资却极低、家庭仍处在贫因之中的人。低收入、经常性和长期性失业往往互相作用，逐渐削弱了一个人的自立能力。由于一年内某一时期失业人数是任何一个月份中失业人数的好几倍，因无事可做而闲呆在家的受苦之人就有可能等于或者超过平均年度失业人数，尽管每个月中真正因失业而受苦的人只是少数。对于计算在每月失业人数统计之中的每个人来说，同样还存在一个做临时工的人，因为他无法找到做全日工作的职位，否则就是在劳务市场之外，但是需要一份工作。最后，我国的收入转移总是集中在老年人、残疾人或者吃闲饭人身上，却忽略了那些有工作的贫困者的需要。因此，现金和实物转移的急趋增加未必意味着在劳务市场上失败的人能够得到充分的保护。

    由于这种相矛盾的证据，人们无法肯定，那些因劳务市场问题而遭受严重不幸的人究竟是几十万还是几千万，因此也不能确定，高失业率是否能够容忍，是否必须通过创造就业机会和实行经济刺激来应对。在这场辩论中惟一意见一致的地方是，现有的关于贫困、就业和收入的统计数字都不足以起到它们的主要用途之一 － 衡量劳务市场问题所带来的后果。

Text 2  参考译文

    尽管没有蓝图（详细计划）能把一个主要由政府控制的经济转变成自由经济，但是英国自1979年以来的经验向我们清楚地显示了一种行之有效的方法：私有化 － 将国营企业卖给私人公司。到1979年为止，国营企业的总借款额与亏损额大约是每年30亿英镑。通过卖掉许多这样的企业，政府已经减少欠债和亏损，并从销售额中获得340亿英镑的收入，现在还从一些刚刚私有化的公司中得到了税收。随着整个经济的迅速好转，政府已经在两年时间里还清了12.5%的净欠国债。

    事实上，私有化不仅挽救了个别工业和整个正在走向毁灭的经济，而且还提高了各行业的工作表现。例如，在英国航空和天然气公司，每个雇员的生产率提高了20%；在英国港口联营公司，20世纪70年代和80年代初存在的劳动混乱现在已经基本消失；在英国电信公司，装电话再也不用像私有化以前那样总是要排队等待。

    这种生产率的提高部分原因是私有化的企业中雇员有机会购买自己公司的股票。他们对可以购买股票反应十分热烈；在英国航空航天公司，89%的有资格的工作人员购买了股票；在英国港口联营公司，购买比率是90%；而在英国电信公司，购买比率是92%。当人们在某件事情中有了个人的利害关系，他们就会想着它、关心它并且努力使其兴旺发达。在英国货运联合会，那些刚刚当上老板的雇员变得对自己公司的利润极为关心，在工资谈判时他们甚至给工会施加压力降低它的工资要求。

    一些经济学家认为，无偿转让一些股份会对私有化过程起必要的加速作用。然而，他们却忽视了托马思 佩恩的观点，“愈容易得到，愈不会珍惜”。为了能让所有者、公司和国家在私有制中获得长远利益，雇员和其他个人必须自己决定是否购买，而且必须为这个选择调剂出一些个人的财力。

Text 3  参考译文

    报纸必须向读者提供事实，即不搀杂的、无偏见的、客观选取的事实。但是在新闻繁杂的今天，报纸必须提供更多的东西；它必须提供解说，即各种事实的含义。这是美国新闻业面临的最重要的任务 － 向读者说明当今的各种问题，使国际新闻像社区新闻一样易于理解，承认再也没有什么“当地”新闻这样的事（可能除社会新闻以外），因为国际方面的任何事件会在金融市场、政治界以及我们的生活方式方面产生地区性反应。

    在新闻界有一种广泛存在的观点，认为当你考虑作解说时，你正进入危险的领域，即舆论的旋涡之中。这是胡言。

    反对解说的人坚持要作者和编辑仅限止在“事实”的范围内。这种坚持产生了两个问题。什么是事实？仅仅事实够吗？

    至于第一个问题，请你考虑一下，所谓“事实性”的报导是怎样发生的。比如说，记者收集了50件事，由于版面必定有限，从这50件事中他挑选了他认为最重要的10件。这是判断1。然后他或他的编辑再决定在这10件事中哪一件应是文章的开头。（这是一项非常重要的决定，因为许多读者只看第一段。）这是判断2。接着夜班的编辑来决定，这篇文章是否登在第一版，因为第一版影响大，或者登在第24版，因为24版几乎没有什么影响。这是判断3。

    这样，在刊登一件所谓“事实性”或“客观性的”事件时，至少涉及到3次判断。这些判断与解说中的判断完全不一样，在解说中，记者和编辑一边参照他们的研究资料、他们总的背景和他们的“新闻中立主义”，一边就这条新闻的意义得出结论。

    判断的这两个方面，即新闻的报导和解说，都是客观的，而不是主观的过程 － 也就是说，客观得像任何一个人的存在一样。（顺便指出：即使完全客观是永远无法达到的，然而这样想必定总是许许多多模糊的新闻渠道中的一个亮点。）假如一位编辑一心想对这条新闻发表有偏见的观点，他可以用其它的方法去做这件事，可能比解说更有效果。他可以通过选择支持他的观点的那些事情来达到这一点。或者，他可以通过刊登一件事所起的作用来达到这一点 － 即把它提到第一页或把它推到第30页。

祝同学们 身体健康 考研成功!

恭候佳音。谢谢！

朱泰祺

通信处：

邮编 100083 北京 海淀区 花园北路 44号 贯通大厦 B 302室 北京太奇培训学校总部

Office number: (010)  (010)82079189  82079199

北京太奇培训学校网址: www.taiqischool.com.cn.

附：各单元作文后英译汉句子参考答案：

(一)

    1. 有两幅画呈现两种截然不同的情境：在温室中的花茁壮成长；而在暴风雨中的花朵凋谢（wither away）了。There are two pictures presenting two quite different situations: one flower in the greenhouse is growing vigorously, while the other in the storm has withered away.

    2. 有一些年轻人只模仿明星的外表而没有去研究明星成功所经历的道路。There are some young people who imitate only the appearance of superstars, but don’t look at the road superstars have gone through to success.

    3. 这幅画真是发人深省。我不由自主地把成功与刻苦努力联系起来了。The picture really sets me thinking. I cannot help associating success with hard work.

    4. 该到我们永远牢记不能沉溺于甜蜜的梦想中，而应该踏踏实实地做点事情的时候了。It if high time we kept in mind forever that we should not indulge ourselves in sweet dreams, but should get down to some solid work.

(二)

    1. 不管你买得起多少，我们都欢迎（感激）。  We will be grateful for whatever amount you can afford.

    2. 他们面临许多问题时，往往丧失信心。They tend to lose heart (=confidence), when they are faced with a lot of problems. (=They tend to lose heart (=confidence) when a lot of problems face them.)

    3. 他们常常夸大他们遇到的困难。They often exaggerate (=overestimate) the difficulties they meet with.

    4. 我们常常看到一些人缺乏克服困难的勇气。We often see some people who are lacking in (=lack) the courage to overcome (=get over) difficulties.

    5. 可以毫不夸张地说，只要有信心和决心, 我们一定能完成任何面临的任务。It is no exaggeration to say that only with confidence and determination can we certainly cope with (=fulfill) any task we are faced with (are confronted with).

(五)

    1. 他们用这些败坏道德的（poisonous）思想来污染年轻人的头脑。[ALD]  They are contaminating the minds of young people with these poisonous ideas.

    2. 我并不想再参与学校的事务。（=我并不想再被扯到学校的事务中去。） I don’t feel inclined to get involved in school affairs again.

    3. 他们非常想参与这次讨论。They are eager to get involved (=participate, take part) in the discussion.

    4. 如果他们违反相关的交通规则，他们就理应受到严厉惩处。If they violate relevant traffic regulations, they deserve to be punished heavily (=severely).

    5. 如果需要对这个问题做进一步评论，请不吝赐函。If any further comment on the issue is required, please don’t hesitate to write to me.

(六)

    1. 数以百计的学生拥入大厅去看这位歌星。Hundreds of students poured into the hall to see the singer star.

    2. 1)他渴望成功。 2)他渴望知识。 3)他渴望成为一个超级明星。1)He is eager to succeed. (=He is eager for success.)  2)He aspires after knowledge. (=He longs for knowledge.)  3)He aspires/desires/longs to become a superstar.

    3. 虽然我们还有许多困难要克服，但是我们对未来充满信心。Though we still have a long way to go, we are full of confidence in the future.

    4. 1)她的著作极有助于我们对这个困难课题的了解。[ALD]   2)汽车增加了空气污染。1)Her work has contributed a great deal (=enormously) to our understanding of this difficult subject.  2) Cars contribute to air pollution.

    5. 总之，我们盼望一个更美好、更光明的未来。In short (=In brief, To conclude), we look forward to a much better and brighter future.

(九)

    1. 我们前进时受到恶劣天气的阻碍。[ALD]  Our progress was hampered (=hindered, interfered with, obstructed) by the bad weather.

    2. 这次交通事故造成了他头部和双臂的重伤。The traffic accident gave rise to severe injuries to his head and arms.

    3. 无论什么时候我们都不应该做任何损害国家利益的事。At no time should we do anything that will harm the interests of our state.

    4. 我们必须采取若干有力措施来与假冒伪劣产品斗争。We should adopt (=take) several strong measures to fight against fake and inferior products.

    5. 只有这样, 消费者才能维护他们的合法权益。Only in this way can consumers defend their own legal rights and interests.

(十)

    1. 我现在给您写信以表示我愿意参加私家车问题的争论并提出我的看法。I’m writing to you to express my willingness to take part in the controversy on private cars and advance my views.

    2. 汽车数量的增加产生了一系列问题，如空气污染、噪音、交通堵塞和汽油短缺。The increase in the number of cars brings about (=give rise to, cause)a lot of problems, such as air pollution, noise, traffic congestion and gas shortage.

    3. 人们对这个问题的看法有分歧。People differ in their opinions on it.

    4. 许多居民反对拥有汽车。 Many residents are against (=object to, are opposed to) owning cars.

    5. 只要我们的社会充满着一爱，明天会变得更美好、更光明。Tomorrow will be much better and brighter if our society is rich in (=is full of) love.

    6. 这些事实只能有一种解释。The facts allow of only one explanation.

(十三)

    1. 他过去在政府中担任要职，现在他已下海经商挣钱。He used to hold an important post in the government, but now he’s gone into business to make money.

    2. 有些人年轻模仿明星的言行，而另一些人则是学明星的发式。Some young people imitate superstars; others model themselves after (=follow) their hairstyles.

    3. 无论何时我们都不应该丧失信心，我们应该牢记：失败是成功之母。At no time should we lose heart; we should always keep in mind that failure is the mother of success.

    4. 只要你遵循这些原则，你一定会对社会做出杰出贡献。You will make outstanding contributions to the society only if you follow these principles.

(十四)

    1. 正如上面两张图所示，温室花朵经不起暴风雨的考验。As is shown by the two pictures given above, the flowers grown in a greenhouse can stand the test of a storm.

    2. 对食品的需求量停止上升，因为人们开始把越来越多的钱花在旅游上。 The demand for food stops rising because people begin to spend more and more money on tours.

    3. 人们普遍觉得，食品的开支占农村人民总消费量的很大一部分。It is generally assumed (=held, thought, felt) that the expenses for food account for a great part of the total consumption of the people in the countryside.

    4. 对衣着的需求是有限的，因此其消费量的下降也是必然的。The demand for clothes is limited and the fall in their consumption is also inevitable. 

(十八)

    1. 长期以来考试被认为是一种有效的评估形式。 Examination has long been regarded as an effective form of assessment。

    2. 孩子们不肯参加考试，因为如果考得不好，他们将被家长严惩。Children are reluctant to take examinations because they will be punished severely by their parents if they do poorly in their examinations.

    3. 这张照片暗示了超级明星们对年轻人心灵的巨大影响。This photo implies the great influence of superstars on young people’s psyche.

    4. 至于我，我认为，我们应该注意公共规章，并且提高我们的社会公德意识。As far as I’m concerned, we should pay great attention to public rules and regulations and enhance our sense of public morals.

    5. 我们无论如何也不能把考试认为是激励学生学习知识的惟一手段。 On no account should we reckon examination as the only means of stimulating pupils to pursue knowledge.

(十九)

    1. 电视、计算机和飞机都是人类创造的奇迹。TV, computers and planes are all miracles created by man.

    2. 完成这项计划需要我们花两年左右。It will take two years or so for us to fulfill this plan.

    3. 医生和护士们既热情又体贴。他们全心全意照料病人。Doctors and nurses are all affectionate and considerate. They look after patients with all their hearts.

    4. 我能向你保证我全力支持你的计划。I can assure you of my full support for your plan. =I can assure you that I will fully support your plan.

    5. 我们必须考虑到我们前进道路上的各种艰难险阻。We must take into consideration/account all kinds of hardships and obstacles which we are faced with on our way ahead. .

（全书完）