写作练习：
简单句
1. 金钱不等于快乐。
2. 中国女排在奥运会上所取得的胜 利对中国人民是一个巨大的鼓舞。
3. 许多左撇子不得不培养自己在一个由右撇子们所主导的世界里生活的技能。
4. 在北美定居下来的白人实际上并不是第一个来到新大陆的移民。
5. 参与太空探索的能力代表了一个国家的科技和经济发展的水平。
Money doesn’t ensure/guarantee happiness.
The victory of Chinese women’s volleyball team at the Olympic Games was a great inspiration to all Chinese people.
Many left-handed people have to learn to develop skills to live in a world dominated by right-handed people.
White people settling down in the North America were actually not the first immigrants to the New World.
The ability to take part in space exploration represents the level of a nation’s scientific and economic development.
并列句
1. A person stuck in an unhappy marriage faces only two options: stay married and miserable, or get divorced and, hopefully, become happy.
2. In the past three decades, many countries have formulated laws and regulations to protect animals from being abused or killed, and many have set up reservation areas to protect endangered animals.
3. For the rich, good education, travel, luxury and security are all readily available, while the poor attain these with great difficulty, if at all.
4．The more we find out about the universe, the more confused we seem to become.
复合句
1. Films that involve too much violence are harmful to young people.
2. Some people may be addicted to netsurfing, which impairs their physical and mental health.
3. The argument that human cloning may have great medical significance is totally unacceptable.
4. Whether you plan to stay for a week or for a year in a new place, you will benefit from learning about the place before you go.
5. Laughter is rightly called the best medicine as it relieves not only the one who laughs, but those around him as well.
写作操练（英文见讲义范文第一部分）
1. 载人航天飞机神州五号的成功发射及返回既是国家荣誉的一个象征，也是先进的科技能力的标志，这对我国的经济发展无疑会产生促进作用。
2. 我们都知道，中国还是一个发展中的国家，其教育水平仍然落后于发达国家。不少中国年青人由于教育设施的匮乏而得不到接受高等教育的机会。
3. 人道是骄兵必败。就拿拿破仑和希特勒（Napoleon and Hitler）来说吧，他们所想披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。
4. 常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。我认为，事先做不做准备常常会影响求职者的成功机会。
5. 首先，大量阅读应被视作学习过程中的重点，因为我们是通过阅读获取最大量语言输入的。其次，尽可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要。大脑中储存了大量很好的文章，我们在用英语表达自己思想的时候，就会觉得容易多了。
6. 最后，我们应把所学到的东西用到实践中去，这是至关重要的。
阅读部分
94
Pass 1
orient：东方（the ~）；定。。。方向（方位）Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business.
Schools have to change their management and reorient their mission and vision so as to improve the quality of education.
couple：be ~d with (The name of Mozart is coupled with the city of Salzburg. / The bad light, coupled with the wet ground, made play very difficult.)
relative to：相对于；关于或涉及某事物的the facts ~ the problem
bid：投标，喊价；吩咐，命令 Several firms have bid for the contract to build the new concert hall. / The Bible, in bidding us to feed the hungry and clothe the naked, said nothing about color.
regulate：控制管理The valve ~s the flow of water. The activities of credit companies are ~d by law. -----deregulate 撤销管制
property：财产；不动产；特性，性质 She invested her money in property (real estate). Certain plants have medicinal properties.
Pass 2
issue： 发行，发表，期号；问题，争端（The self-examination has involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and corporate bottom line.）
credit：赊购No credit is given at this shop.；相信，信任（The rumor is gaining ~.）；称赞（He got all the ~ for this discovery.）；学分gain credits in Math
scatter：(使)散开；散布The police scattered the crowd. (---scattered分散的，稀疏的 a few scattered settlements)
personnel：（pl）人员，职员 Airline personnel can purchase flight tickets at reduced prices.
staff：雇员，全体职员(属某人管的)The ~ in this shop are very helpful.
为。。。配备人员：The school is ~ed entirely by graduates.(该校学生都是大学毕业生)
accordingly：相应地 I have told you what the situation is; you must act accordingly.
promote：提升His assistant was promoted over his head.；增进The organization works to promote friendship between nations. 促销 a publicity campaign to promote her new book.
utility：实用，效用the ~ value of ； 公用事业单位。
Pass 3
potential：n. 潜力 She has artistic ~ as an artist.
可能性 She studied the German market to find the ~ there for profitable investment.
capability 能力
capacity：容纳某事的能力 a hall with a seating capacity of 2000；生产力 factories working at full capacity；理解学习的能力
Pass 4
drive：v. 驱动，迫使…行动A man driven by jealousy is capable of anything. n. 干劲，魄力 Our salespeople need determination and drive.
initiate：开始实施，开始 ~ plans, schemes, social reforms
counteract：对抗，抵消 ～ the effects of a poison, sb’s bad influence
---counter-attack
---counterpart：The sales director phoned her counterpart in the other firm.
Pass 5
laborious：艰苦的，费力的 a laborious task
otherwise：adv. 不同地 He should have been working, but he was ~ engaged. adj. 不这样，并非如此（见本文） conj. 不然的话，否则 We must run, ~ we’ll be too late.
alternate：交替，轮流（~ work with play）；间隔的
第三周
写作部分
上午
十几年前，手机只是少数人才能使用的奢侈品，但现在手机已很普遍。手机的快速普及也许是我们时代的伟大奇迹之一。
More than a decade ago, the mobile phone was a luxury for only a few, but now it is very common. The rapid spread of the mobile phone is perhaps one of the great miracles of our time.
然而，外表可能具有欺骗性。就我而言，我觉得，认识一个人的时间越长，就越觉得困惑。
Appearances, however, can be deceptive. For my own part I find that the longer I know people, the more they puzzle me.
…the longer I know a person, the more I’ll be puzzled.
随着当今世界生活节奏日益加快，我们似乎一直在不停奔忙。事情那么多，时间却那么少，我们该怎么办？
As the pace of life in today’s world grows ever faster, we seem forever on the go. With so much to do and so little time to do it in, how are we to cope?
他还说，在一个多元化（plural）社会里，我们必须重视人际关系，强调合作，多从他人视角考虑问题。如果某些群体自视高人一筹，不尊重其他种族或宗教，那么整个社会有可能陷入瘫痪。
He argues that in a plural society we must attach importance to interpersonal relationships, cooperation, and look at issues from the perspective of other people. If some groups regard themselves as superior and treat other ethnic groups or religions with disrespect, the whole society may be paralyzed.
许多年前，在美国，家家户户白天黑夜不锁门是司空见惯的。但现在人们经常叹息，人们不再相互信任，不得不凭借精密的安全系统来保护自己和自己的财产。
Years ago in America, it was customary for families to leave their doors unlocked, day and night. But now one often regrets that people can no longer trust each other and have to resort to elaborate security systems to protect themselves and their possessions.
下午
衰老研究领域的一些权威专家现在认为，定期锻炼加上适当的休息能增加寿命。
Some of the leading experts in the field of aging now believe that regular exercise along with the proper amount of rest may actually add years to the life span.
用我父母的话说，他们的童年和我的童年真有天壤之别。让当今年轻人不可思议的是，他们很少下馆子，或者去某个风景点旅游度假。
In my parents’ words, the difference between their childhood and mine is as vast as that between heaven and earth. What is unbelievable to young people today is that they seldom dined out in a restaurant, or traveled to a scenic spot for a holiday.
有些人认为，他们之所以工作是为了谋生。他们说，他们很羡慕那些不工作的人，他们梦想着过一种整天玩而不必工作的生活，无休止的放假渡假的生活。但是，难道钱真的是我们工作的唯一或主要的驱动因素吗？
Some people think they work because they have to make a living. They say they envy people who don’t have to work. They dream about a life of all play and no work, a life of endless vacations and holidays. But is it true that money is the only, or the main motivating power that drives us to work ?
我不得不写这封信打扰您，但我相信您应该知道您的狗Rusty老是来我家找麻烦。如果您能想法别再让Rusty进入我家的院子，我将非常感激。
I have to disturb you with this letter, but I am sure you would want to know that your dog Rusty has been wandering onto my property and creating some problems. I would greatly appreciate your doing whatever you can to keep Rusty from getting into our yard.
麦克的母亲对儿子的学习态度很伤脑筋。当她看着他的时候，他假装在温习课堂笔记，一旦不管他，他要么泡在电脑游戏中，要么就上床睡觉。也许，对待他的教育，该考虑采用一个更有效的方法了。
Mike’s mother is really bugged by her son’s attitude to learning. When she is keeping an eye on him, he makes like he is going over class notes. Once he is left alone, he will either be hooked on computer games or simply go to bed. Maybe it is time she adopts a more effective approach to his education.
阅读部分
95年
pass3
facilitate：使便利，使更容易――facility（复）设备设施便利条件sports ~ies; shopping ~ies
up-to-date：——outdated
access to：接近、靠近（引申）The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields. / Only high officials had access to the president.
pass4
sport：夸示炫耀 sport a moustache, a diamond ring；嬉戏玩耍 seals sporting in the water
proportionate：成比例的，与某事物相称的 The price increases are proportionate to the increases in the costs of production. ——disproportionate
desirable：值得有的，称心如意的
a desirable residence/neighborhood/solution/lady
preoccupation（超）：~ with全神贯注于/如痴如迷于（如文）；心里总想着的事 A pension is not usually one of the ~s of an eighteen year-old.
pass 5
evolutionary interpretation进化论诠释
natural selection自然选择
adaptive适应性
adaptive flexibility灵活的适应
relief：（痛苦、困苦、忧虑等的）减轻解除The drug gives some relief from pain./ I breathed a sigh of relief when I heard that he was safe. /Much to my relief, I wasn’t late. /It is a great relief to find you here. ——relieve
suffer：遭受苦头；变坏，变差，变糟Your studies will suffer if you play too much tennis.
96年
pass1
routine：固定而有规则的程序，常规She found it difficult to establish a new ~ after retirement.
account：户头，帐户open/close an ~；叙述，报告 She gave the police a full ~ of the incident.
ware：(pl)商品（常指不在店里的）display / peddle one’s wares
regarding：=with reference to / concerning关于 She said nothing regarding your request.
pass2
cover(age)：（新闻记者）报道 ~ the Labor Party’s annual conference
subscribe (to)：订阅，订购 Which journal do you ~ ?；赞成 Do you ~ the pessimistic view of the state of the economy?
pass3
liability：责任义务 ～ for military service；(复)债务 assets & liabilities
---liable：be ~ for负法律责任；~ to do sth 易于… We are all ~ make mistakes when tired.
engage：聘用She was engaged as an interpreter. 占用（时间），吸引（注意力）Nothing engages his attention for long. / The woman’s plight engaged our sympathy. ----I have no time to engage in gossip. ---be engaged with
spoil：破坏，糟蹋 holidays spoilt by bad weather. / Don’t spoil your appetite by eating sweets between meals. 宠坏 That little girl is terribly spoilt.
impersonal：不带有个人情感的 ——interpersonal relationship
detach：拆开，分开detach a link from the chain。 -detached超然的，冷静的her detached response to the crisis -attach：attach a label to the luggage；attach importance to
spring up：迅速或突然出现、发生weeds springing up everywhere / New houses were springing up all over the town.
discipline：训练磨练Strict discipline is imposed on army recruits.；
纪律作风The children are happy at school, but they lack discipline.
处罚（见文）；
学科scientific disciplines
pass 4
renew：重新做，恢复 We renewed our journey the next day.；续期，延长 renew a passport/permit/lease/contract, renew one’s library books, renew one’s subscription to a journal.
take to：逐渐惯于做… take to sleeping late / He took to gardening in his retirement.
reduce…to…：使陷入某种状态The reform has reduced us all to servants of the State. Overwork has reduced him to a physical wreck.. The earthquake reduced the whole town to rubble. 将概括或简化为某形式reduce a problem to two main issues
pass 5
第四周
写作部分
上午
人道是骄兵必败。就拿拿破仑和希特勒（Napoleon and Hitler）来说吧，他们所想披靡，便以为自己战无不胜，不可阻挡。但俄罗斯的冰雪战士(icy defender)证明他们错了。
They say that pride comes before a fall. In the case of both Napoleon and Hitler, they won many victories, which led them to believe that anything was possible and that nothing could stand in their way. But Russia’s icy defender proved them wrong.
干挨家挨户上门推销这一营生得脸皮厚，这是因为干这一行不仅要经受风吹日晒，还要承受一次又一次的闭门羹。
Making a living as a door-to-door salesman demands a thick skin, both to protect against the weather and against constantly having the door shut in your face.
美国是否会如同历史上其他强国一样走向衰亡？作者持否定态度，认为美国创建的社会模式不同于任何已出现的社会模式。
Is America going to decline like other great powers (nations) in history ? The author thinks not, arguing that the type of society created in America is quite unlike any that has gone before it.
常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。我认为，事先做不做充分准备显然会影响求职者的成功机会。
Well begun is half done, as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to make sufficient preparations while seeking employment. From my standpoint, whether or not one has prepared adequately clearly makes a difference in (affects) his chance of success.
在美国，许多人拥有手枪。有人为了自卫******，如Gail Smith。另外一些人则拒绝这样做，比如她的许多朋友，因为他们认为，枪支引发的问题比解决的更多。以前Gail与她的朋友们持有相同的观点，但最终她改变了看法。
Many people in America own handguns. Some, like Gail Smith, buy a gun for self-defense. Others, like her friends, refuse to do so because they think that guns cause more problems than they solve. Gail used to share her friends’ views, but eventually changed her mind.
下午
工作提供的不只是经济方面的安全。它给人们带来自信；当人们造出了一件具有挑战性的作品并且能够说，“我造了它”时，他们会有一种满足感。心理学家们认为，工作赋予人们以身份；通过参与工作，他们得到一种自我和个体的感觉。
Work offers more than financial security. It provides people with self-confidence; they have a feeling of satisfaction when they have produced a challenging piece of work and are able to say, “ I made that.” Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity; through participation in work, they get a sense of self and individualism.
很显然，真正的友谊必然是真诚的、无条件的，它应该建立在相互理解，而不是相互利用上。同样，真正的友谊总能给我们带来一种安全、温暖的感觉，能激励我们前进，而虚假的友谊会在我们成功时利用我们，而当我们陷于困境时抛弃我们。
It is clear that true friendship must be sincere and unconditional. It should be based on mutual understanding, not on mutual benefit. Also, true friendship can always give us a feeling of security, and warmth, and encourage us to make progress while false friendship will take advantage of us when we are crowned with success, or desert us when we are in deep waters.
中国家庭生活中的变化反映了我们国家的经济发展。如果没有整个国家的繁荣，我们的家庭生活很可能与以前一样。大家都会赞同我的看法，时代变了，是变得更好了。
The changes in Chinese family life mirror the economic development of our country. Without the prosperity of the whole country, our family life would probably be just the same as before. Times have changed, and changed, most would surely agree with me, for the better.
我写信是想告诉您，我是多么感激您在我的儿子Robert上周四扭伤脚腕时帮助他。在这样一个痛苦时刻有人给予他安慰和照顾，这对他很有意义。
I am writing to let you know how much I appreciate your helping my son Robert last Thursday when he sprained his ankle. It meant a great deal to him to have someone extend comfort and care at such a distressing time.
我为我昨晚在晚宴上的行为可能造成的误会感到深深的歉意。我有点失态了，不该破坏这么美好的一个夜晚。我希望你能原谅我，你的友谊对我而言很重要。
I deeply regret any misunderstanding that may have been caused by the way I acted at dinner last night. I simply got carried away and had no right to disturb such a pleasant evening. I hope that you can forgive me. Your friendship means a great deal to me.
阅读部分
96
pass 5
enlighten：启迪，开导 Can you enlighten me as to the new procedure ?
97
pass1
sink in：渗入Rub the cream on your skin and let it sink in.；被完全理解 The scale of the tragedy gradually sank in.
leave：使/让（某人某事）处于某种状态
Leave the door open, please.
Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain.
bitter：显示妒忌、憎恨、怨恨、失望的bitter quarrels/words / ~ly 强烈地He is bitterly opposed to nuclear weapons.
haunt：(鬼魂)出没于 a haunted house； 经常浮现于脑际 The memory still haunts me.
Pass2
ill-mannered：ill-advised不明智；ill-bred没有教养；ill-timed不合时宜；ill-use/treat虐待
on the part of/on one’s part：由某人做出的 It was an error on my part. / The agreement has been kept on my part but not on his.
Pass3
abuse：n/v. 滥用；虐待
1. drug abuse / abuse of power /child abuse/ abuse of prisoners
2. Don not abuse the confidence they have placed in you. After the deputy was promoted to the top position, she abused her power.
Pass4
latitude：纬度；（思想行动）自由They allow their children too much latitude, in my view.
pass5
poll：选举投票 be successful at the poll / The result of the poll has now been declared.
民意测验 a public opinion poll / the Gallup poll / We are conducting a poll among school leavers. 也V.
98
pass1
stop short of：不愿逾越 He can be ruthless in getting what he wants, but I believe he would stop short of blackmail.
complex：1. 相联或相似的事物综合体 a big industrial complex/a sports & leisure complex 2. 情结 Oedipus complex / an inferiority complex自卑情结
pass2
assume：认为（见段1句2）；假定，假设 Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting.
preside：主持The prime minister presides at the meetings of the Cabinet. 掌管领导（~ over见段1句3）
lump：块，团，堆 a lump of clay； lump…together把…归并在一起 Can we lump all these items together as “incidental expenses(杂费)”?
speculative：思索的speculative philosophy(思辨哲学)；投机的speculative buying of houses（投机性买房）；推测的（本文段4）
fashion：时尚；方式（见末段）；(vt.)做成，制造fashion a lump of clay into a bowl
dismiss…(as)：对…不予理会；不屑一顾She was dismissed as a dreamer.
Pass 3
trial：尝试（94Pass5：Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error）；审讯（本文）
enlighten：启发，启蒙，开导Can you enlighten me as to the new procedure?
enlightened：开明的，有知识的，启发性的enlightened attitudes/an enlightened approach to teaching
enlightenment：The teacher’s attempts at enlightenment failed;I remained as confused as before.
Utopia：想象中的完美社会，乌托邦
第五周
写作部分
上午
然而，人们往往认为，竞争与合作是相互矛盾的。有人强调竞争，在他们看来，没有竞争就没有责任感、没有动力，最终就没有进步。还有人无论干什么都主张合作，他们认为人与人之间的相互依赖在增加，没有依赖，我们所生活的社会就不能稳步地前进。
It is often believed, however, that competition and cooperation are in opposition to each other. Some people stress competition, without which, in their eyes, there is no responsibility, no drive, and ultimately, no progress. Others advocate cooperation whatever they do. They are of the opinion that the dependence of people on one another has increased, without which the society we live in cannot keep going smoothly.
首先，随着人口的飞速增长，房屋的不足变得比以前都更加明显。。。。由于社会在进步，城市居民渴望宽敞的生活空间，他们期盼着能维护自身尊严的体面的居住空间。所有这些因素都导致住房问题的紧张。
In the first place, with the rapid increase in population, the lack of housing is becoming more evident than ever before. Because the society is advancing, city dwellers long for spacious living. They look forward to decent dwelling places which can protect human dignity. All these factors result in the stress of housing problem.
科学和技术在社会主义的建设中也发挥着重要的作用。可以说，社会主义建设好比一幢高楼，而科学技术就是其基础。没有这个基础，大楼就起不来。所以，我们应该尽力为科技的发展作出贡献，这样才能有一个扎实的基础去建设我们的国家。
Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction. We may say that our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper, while science and technology are its base. Without the base, the skyscraper can’t be built up. Therefore, we should try our best to contribute to the development of science and technology so as to provide a more solid base to build our country.
他坚信奴隶制终将被废除，所有奴隶终将获得解放，种族歧视消失的那天一定会到来。
He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, all the slaves would be liberated, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.
He was confident that
He was convinced that
下午
代沟是当今世界最具有争议的问题之一，吸引了社会学者和普通公众的广泛注意。一方面，老一代人无法认同孩子们的言行，而另一方面，年轻人则抱怨父母落后于时代。
Generation gap, one of the most controversial issues throughout the world, has attracted a lot of attention from both the social scientists and the general public. On the one hand, the older generation can’t agree with what their children say and do. On the other hand, the young people always complain that their parents are behind the times.
最后，体育和比赛也有助于训练性格。它们不仅要求身体的技能和力量，还需要勇气、激情、纪律，通常还要团队精神。对孩子而言，球场上所学到的东西会对他们的性格产生深刻的影响。所以，人们应该定期参加体育活动。
Finally, sports and games are also very useful in character¬ training. They demand not only physical skill and strength but also courage, enthusiasm, discipline and usually teamwork. For boys and girls, what is learned on the playground often has a deep effect on their character. As a consequence, people should take part in physical activities regularly.
电视把一个精彩纷呈的世界带到了我们的面前。首先，电视让我们了解世界上正在发生着的一切，比如，它能给我们提供有关科技最新发展的最新信息。而且，电视给我们带来了各种各样的娱乐，例如，家里有一台电视，我们就能游览不同国家的许许多多的旅游景点。难怪许多人空闲时尤其愿意选择看电视了。
Television presents a vivid world in front of us. To begin with, TV can keep us informed of what is happening throughout the world. For example, it can provide us with the up-to-date information about the recent developments in science and technology. In addition, TV brings us various forms of entertainment. For instance, with a TV set at home, we may watch sports competitions, concerts, etc. and we may even visit a great many tourist attractions in different countries. No wonder a lot of people choose, above all, to watch TV in their spare time.
许多人，特别是刚毕业的大学生，都梦想着有自己的事业。虽说这些事业令人激动，富于回报，但刚入门的企业家还是应该在投身商海之前进行全面的调查和筹划。
Many people, particularly recent college graduates, dream of owning their businesses. Although such ventures are often exciting and profitable, the new entrepreneur should thoroughly investigate and plan the situation before plunging in.
阅读部分
Pass 4
standstill：停顿，中止Work is grinding to a standstill. / Traffic in the city is at a complete standstill.
the Depression years 大萧条年代
crops ：庄稼；（同时出现或产生的）一群（人）/一批（事物）this year’s crop of students / The program brought quite a crop of complaints from viewers.
baby boom：婴儿生育高峰期（二战后）
dramatize：戏剧化，夸张The affair was dramatized by the press. ；戏剧性地表现（参文例）
Pass.5
milestones signposts landmarks
stationary：静止的，固定的 -stationery文具：a stationery cupboard
anchor：抛锚（固定）We anchored close to the shore. （引申）见本文
a frame of reference：（作为个人的判断、行为的依据的）原则、标准、观点sociological studies conducted within a Marxist frame of reference.
99
Pass 1
carry weight：有分量，有影响 Her opinion carries weight with the chairman.
lawsuit- claim- case- file a lawsuit against-be charged with-be accused of-take someone to court- judge-jury –defendant-plaintiff-trial-rule-
verdict -sentence -legal community(法律界)-legal liability(法律责任)
has its way：为所欲为（见本文）
Pass 2
tap：从…中放出液体tap a cask of beer；开采开发vast mineral wealth waiting to be tapped
subscribers：用户（电视、网络）－subscribe to （订购，订阅Which journal do you subscribe to ? ；赞同 Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy?）
customize：（modify to suit a particular individual or task）定制改制It can be customized to the developing needs of your students.
silicon： Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he did those of his predecessors. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man's flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.
plunge：猛地投入、进入、陷入plunge into cold water/The country was plunged into civil war after the death of the President.冲下，跌落Share prices plunged as a result of the gloomy economic forecast. -take the plunge（一番考虑后）采取果断措施They have finally decided to take the plunge and get married.
Pass 3
justify：证明…是合理的 Can you really justify the destruction of such a fine old building? / The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative. / She felt fully justified in asking for a refund.
equipped：配备，装备The flat is fully equipped with a cooker and fridge. (见本文段2和段3例句)
given：考虑到（介词）Given the government’s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor./ Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. ；如果被提供（略）
Pass 4
a Scottish research team——an independent panel of experts
feverishly：心急如焚地，焦躁不安地searching feverishly for her missing jewels
narrowly：仔细地小心地严格地（段2）；仅仅勉强地He narrowly escaped drowning.
legislation：立法；法律，法规New legislation will be introduced to help single parent families.
-legislature；legislative/executive/judicial
stems from：来自于，来源于The workers’ discontent stems mainly from low pay and poor working conditions.
appeal to：吸引These characters will appeal directly to children’s imaginations. 上诉He has decided to appeal to the European Court./ She appealed unsuccessfully against her conviction for murder. 呼吁，要求Police have appealed to the public for information about the crime.
Pass 5
unpredictability——advisability——regularity
amount to：总计，共达The cost amounted to $ 250. 等于，相当于It all amounts to a lot of hard work. / What you say amounts to a direct accusation.
第六周
写作部分
上午
不同的人对压力有不同的看法。有人认为压力不是人们所认为的坏事，他们认为，一定数量的压力能给人们提供动力，给人生带来目标。还有人则认为，压力导致人精神衰弱，从而危及健康。他们认为，与压力相反，放松才是健康的身心所必不可少的。
Different people, however, think of stress differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to one’s mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body.
至于电子游戏，不同的人有不同的看法。有人说应该禁止游戏，他们认为玩游戏不仅危害人的身体健康，尤其对眼睛，而且会占去业余时间，消耗人的体力，使他们不能有效地完成自己的工作。
As for playing video games, different people have different opinions. Some persons think there should be a ban on video games. They argue that playing video games not only does harm to people’s physical health, especially to their eyes, but also occupies their spare time and consumes their energy, rendering them unable to accomplish their tasks efficiently.
约翰逊先生的儿子乔治爱在晚上听重金属音乐，响声干扰了社区其他居民的睡眠。后来，疲惫不堪的邻居们失去了耐心，决定直接干预。他们打电话给约翰逊先生，坦率地把想法告诉了他。
George, the son of Mr. Johnson, liked listening to heavy music in the evenings, and the noise interrupted the sleep of other residents in the community. Eventually, the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interference. They called Mr. Johnson to tell him in a frank manner what they were thinking.
下午
年青人出国读书有两个好处，首先，他们能学到发达国家的先进的科学技术，回国时可以带回祖国。其次，西方高校的经济资助可以视为为中国训练专业人员的一条捷径，因为，作为一个发展中国家，中国还没有富到可以资助大批学生去国外学习。
There are two advantages for young people to study abroad. Firstly, they can acquire advanced science and technology in developed countries, and then introduce them into China when they come back. Secondly, financial support from western institutions of higher learning can be considered as a shortcut to train Chinese professionals since China, as a developing country, is not rich enough to support a large number of students studying abroad.
除了好处之外，出国学习也有其不利之处。由此导致的主要问题便是人才流失。必须承认，发达国家有先进的研究环境和更好的生活条件，来自发展中国家的学生抵制不住在西方国家拿更高薪水的诱惑。通常，回到祖国的学生比例总是较低，因此，国家蒙受巨大的人才流失。
Apart form advantages, studying abroad has also its disadvantages. The major problem it has caused is the brain drain. Admittedly, there are advanced research environment and better living conditions in developed countries, and students from developing countries can not resist the temptation of earning more salary in the west. More often than not, the proportion of students returning to homeland remains less. As a result, the country suffers a great loss of talents.
约翰逊先生感到很尴尬，便去训斥儿子：“你这是怎么了？你该懂得不能为了你自己的兴趣而妨碍别人。”结果乔治拿唱片跟同学换了电脑游戏软件。总的来说，整个事解决得很圆满。
Embarrassed, Mr. Johnson scolded his son, “ What has come over you? You should know better than to disturb others for the sake of your own interest.” As a result, George traded his records for computer games software from his classmates. Overall, the whole thing has worked out satisfactorily.
翻译部分
1．翻译测试目的：
考查考生对复杂句法和特定语境中的词汇的理解能力、相应的中文表达能力。
2．解题方法：
——准确的理解
——灵活的表达
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
3．评分标准（完整、准确、通顺）：
His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
Q47满分译文参考：
（1） 他的功能是一个分析家，好比一个法官，他必须接受这个责任：用尽可能明显的方式揭示导致他做出决定的这个原因的过程。
（2） 他的功能类似于一个有责任和义务用尽可能明显的方式展现导致他做出决定的理性过程的法官。
（3） 他的功能与法官相似，必须以尽可能明显的方式对引导他做出判断的推理过程进行揭示为己任。
（4） 他的作用被类比为一名法官，这个法官必须以显而易见的方式尽可能接受导致他做出决定的推理过程所揭示的责任。
（5） 知识分子的职能是具有分析能力的审判官，他必须接受这样的责任，用尽可能明显的方式揭示出他得出结论的推理过程。
94年
(71) 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
(72) 新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说: 简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。
(新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说: 简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指改进、发明和使用一系列器具，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。）
(73) 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
（多年来，作为根本性创新的源泉，工具和技术本身在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。）
(74) 伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。
(75) 政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
95年
(71) 把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不了解或使用不当。（问题在于。。。）
(72) 这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(73) 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
(74) 一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
(75) 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
Q75句法再如：
On the dust jacket of this fine book，Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
阅读部分
Test 1
Pass 1
commitment：承诺，承担，保证I’m overworked at the moment---I’ve taken on too many commitments. 致力献身（于）We’re looking for someone with a real sense of commitment to the job.
wind：蜿蜒曲折前进The river winds down to the sea. / She wound her way through the crowds. 缠绕wind a bandage round one’s finger
-interwound
-windfall风吹落的果实，意外财产（好运）“pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
-windmill风车
Pass2
Scrap：碎片，小块 scraps of paper, cloth, wood； 废弃材料U sell an old car for scrap / A man comes round regularly for collecting scrap.
Keep (be) abreast of：跟上某事物 You should read the newspapers to keep abreast of current affairs.
Pass 3
Be liable to： 易于…(见本文)；——be liable for 为…承担责任Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Pity：同情，怜悯 do something out of pity for somebody；遗憾的事 It’s a pity that you can’t come to the theater with us. / The pity is that…
Be subject to：须服从…，受…支配 We are subject to the law of the land.；常患、常遭某事物，倾向于某事物 Are you subject to colds? / The timetable is subject to alteration.
Undo：解开，拆开I can’t undo my shoelaces.；使无效，废除He undid most of the good work of his predecessors. / What is done can’t be undone.
Pss 4
in concert with：合作，共同working in concert with his colleagues / We must act strongly in concert with our European partners.； 文章为引申用法
a raw (rough) deal：不公平的待遇 If she lost her job for being late once, she got a pretty raw deal.
thrust：猛地或用力推/挤/塞He thrust his way through the crowd. / My objections were thrust aside. / She tends to thrust herself forward too much.
--thrust sth/sb on sb迫使某人同意/接受/接待