颞下颌关节镜手术可能发生的并发症如下:(1)血管损伤;(2)面神经分支损伤;(3)外耳道及中耳损伤;(4)关节囊内侧穿通;(5)关节窝顶穿通;(6)由于灌注液的过度外渗而致关节周围组织肿胀;(7)术后感染;(8)牙关紧闭;(9)术后关节腔内复发性粘连;(10)手术器械折断;(11)在应用电灼术或激光术时,可能会发生电外科和激光外科所可能引起的相关并发症。McCain 等[9]对3146名患者(4831侧)的关节镜手术进行回顾后发现术后并发症发生率为4.4%,包括耳源性、神经源性、感染、出血、关节镜器械折断等。MartinGranizo等[14]在关节镜下成功治疗了动脉栓塞后耳前动静脉漏。冼淡等[15]统计了96例全用关节镜手术(松解加灌洗术)治疗关节盘不可复性前移位患者的资料,发现有49例出现不同程度的并发症,其中以术后疼痛、咬合无力和暂时性面瘫所占比例较大。杨驰等[16]对关节的解剖结构与临床并发症的关系进行了探讨,得出了以下防治措施:(1)定点要准确;(2)穿刺角度要准确;(3)勿施暴力;(4)穿刺深度要精确;(5)进入关节上腔后应立即更换套针为钝填塞器。
4 小结
经多年的临床应用,颞下颌关节镜已形成了一套完整的系统。关节镜手术充分体现了微创外科特点,即切口小、对周围组织损伤小、手术时间短、出血少、瘢痕隐蔽、并发症少,且又可在局麻下实施,较易于为患者接受。它对非手术治疗无效的关节病有肯定的疗效[17]。它对一些较严重病变:如关节盘穿孔、软骨软化、纤维强直等,也取得了良好疗效,疗效长期稳定[3,5,13,18],并在一定程度上取代了传统的开放性关节手术。但颞下颌关节镜技术也有一定的局限性:有严格的手术指征,部分手术尚处于尸体及动物试验阶段[1921];技术性要求很高,在能进行相应的开放性手术的基础上,还须经特别的内镜技能训练后,才能将其用于临床;对于TMJ疾患,关节镜手术只是系统治疗的一部分,尚需配合其他治疗才能巩固疗效。关节下腔体积狭小,操作不便,因此目前开展的颞下颌关节镜手术多为关节上腔手术,但也有不少学者在探讨应用超细关节镜行下腔手术的可能性。粘连松解器的改进、在尸体上开展关节镜与超声波的联合应用试验,都说明关节镜的应用有更广阔的领域。
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