考研资讯资讯中心 Topics
长难句基本句型的分析
作者:佚名 日期:2007年02月14日 来源:不详 浏览:

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  近几年,考研英语出现了很多难句。并且这些难句主要是长难句。长难句的形成主要通过以下四种方式:复合从句、成分省略、使用插入语和改变句序。这四种方式往往可以相互结合,从而形成更长的难句。虽然形成长难句之方法有四,但是目的却只有一个,就是打断和打乱考生正常的阅读习惯和思维习惯,从而达到考察考生阅读能力和翻译能力的目标。下面分别对这四种方式一一解析。
  一、复合从句
  在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴,当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。这种语法处理,并不是从语言学研究角度进行的,而是从教学角度出发做出的从简处理。
  (一)简单复合从句
  简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。套用从句,其实是最简单的长难句。这类句子就像一根锁链,只要抓住句子的各个连接点,理出句子层次,就完全可以把握住。  在翻译定语从句时,“这(些/个)”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。阅读时,定语从句一般可以跳过,实在不放心可以略读。一般情况下,考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。  并列从句大致有四种情况:并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。其实,并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同,只不过并列从句一般较长,会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。并列从句修饰主语,就是说并列从句作状语。这种句子很简单。翻译时,可以直译,把从句作定语,直接放在主语前面。如果从句很长,可以使用复指代词。另外,翻译从句先行词时,要注意词性的转换,比如hope/ suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。考生要切忌拘于词性。并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。一般情况下,这些从句都不完整,多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。事实上,现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语,都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。 并列从句修饰宾语。宾语有两种,一种是单纯宾语,另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。单纯宾语指在句中作宾语成分;准宾语指在介词后面的宾语。并列从句修饰单纯宾语的句子结构很清晰,阅读难度不大,但翻译有些难度。并列从句修饰准宾语的就比较难了。因为后面有很长的介词短语会使考生在阅读中忘记句子前面的意思。
  (二)复杂复合从句
  复杂复合从句,就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略,插入和倒装等形式,从而加大了句子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略,语用省略一般很少。出现插入语,其实是指这些词或短语的插入,使句子语法成分的联系打断,句子的整体性受到冲击,从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时,一般多可以翻为状语,有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时,越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换,然后进行语序恢复。
  背诵例句:
  1.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
译文:许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。
 2.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the  information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.

译文:这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。
  3.Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.
  译文:部队突然开了火,打死四人,还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。
  4.The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.
  译文:那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王,只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。
  5.Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.
译文:我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。
  6.To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
译文:在我们看来,成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子,他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。
  二、成分省略
语言有个节省性原则。成分省略,主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略,也就是说是为了某中具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子变得富有变化和难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高,因此需要熟记。
  背诵例句:
  1. It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
  译文:即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式,这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。
  2. To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
  译文:对美国人来说,个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的选择。
  3. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death.
  译文:女人们从心底认为:挣钱是男人的事情,女人只管话花钱——可能的话丈夫在世时就花;不行的话,那就在丈夫去世后再花。
  4.I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.
  译文:我可以接受这个事实,因为我明白如果我都不能避免出错,那么其他
的外科大夫出错也就难免了。
  5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have.
  译文:凭借坚强的意志,人类能够移山填海。而事实上人类已经做到。
  6.The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.
  译文:战争终于结束,但却是在千万人在战争中丧生之后才结束。
  三、使用插入语
  插入语,是因为分裂了句子的结构而得名的,所以,这个术语主要是从语法功能角度出发提出的,对语法形式没有多大考虑。插入语一般是主谓结构或者介宾结构。使用插入语主要是为了调整语气和增加补充信息,并且更主要目的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻。插入语是主谓结构,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式,阅读问题不大,翻译时要提到句首。插入语是介宾结构也是如此处理。定语从句和分词做定语时,如果是插在主谓结构之间也可以看作是插入语。考研翻译中出现最多的插入语是用破折号插入的新话题或者补充信息。这种插入标志很明显,只是翻译处理会有些棘手。另外,因为一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可看作是插入现象。只不过这种插入只是句子原有成分间的位子变化,没有新增成分。
  背诵例句:
  1.Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
  译文:他们说,科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于诸如改进的技术 和工具等更为普通的东西。
  2. Those,unaware of what is happening in society today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.
  译文:那些人不了解当今社会发生的事情,所以发现现在的哲学家很少研究死亡和幸福之类的东西时会感到奇怪。
  3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
  译文:大多数专家都从中看到一种矛盾,即从众的欲望和试图与众不同的欲望之间的绵延不断的冲突。
  4.Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized.
  译文:即使善于驱使别人去为自己打仗,并且告诉他们怎样打才最有效——这毕竟是征服者和将军们干过的事——也不能称其为文明行为。
  5.Demonstrations are being staged in the town. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.
  译文:这个城市不断发生示威游行,而且这种反对在河边建造核废料储存厂的呼声日高涨。< TOP >
  四、改变语序
  改变语序,一般指倒装。倒装分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。考研难点一般在修辞倒装。修辞倒装主要是为了强调,一种是强调句子的表达重心,一种是强调一种表达语气,比如命令语气,假设语气(虚拟语气的倒装属于此类)疑问语气和否定语气。这些倒装常和一些连词或者副词(如nor/so/only/never/until等)密切相关。下文所举例子基本是从这个角度出发选择出来的。
背诵例句:
  1.So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.
  译文:那男孩对这本书如此着迷,以至于他的母亲不得不总强迫他停下。
  2.Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
  译文:除非研究提供证据表明这个节目有不良影响,否则电视节目的播放政策不会改变。
  3.Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.
  译文:离婚后,他每月只能看儿子一次。这使他感到孤独。
  4.Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.
  译文:科学家们迄今未能确定这种病毒破坏免疫系统的机理,他们也不明白旨在破坏这种病毒的天然抗体为什么无效。
  5.And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.
  译文:过去人们从来没有这么坚信各国互利的国际合作机构是全球不可或缺的要素。
  6.The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.
  译文:假若当时立即恢复了和平,战争在物质方面的破坏无论怎样大,到一也能够得到修复了。
  7.He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them.
  译文:他写小说时刚刚构思出剧情轮廓就赶紧邀请一群朋友到野外,然后把剧情梗概大声地念给他们听英语考研试卷中,阅读理解和翻译共有50分,占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说,把这两部分做好,在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢?关键要通过大量的练习,增强阅读英文句子,尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子,也有一些其实结构并不复杂,但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多,但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度,成为我们获取高分的“拦路虎”。
  下面就近八年来(2003年除外)考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来,分析它们的结构,指出其中的考查难点,并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,希望考生朋友能从中得到一些启发。2003年试卷中的长难句,这里就不分析了,留给大家模考时候自己分析,同时检验自己学习分析长难句的成果。
  1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
  [句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
  [语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句,一个是(which was)representing… ,另一个是(which was)detached…。可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。
  [句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
  [翻译技巧] 实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句,一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况,把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。
  2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
  [句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
  [语法难点]1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构,分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语,真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名词)”。
  2)that of drawing dividends 结构中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指红利,that of sth结构是名词性的,that of sth相当于which is结构,目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句,把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法,目的是避免行文的单调,考生朋友们要注意分辨。
  [句子翻译] 像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了,大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入,在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系,只是分取红利,偶尔参加股东会议,对管理人员发号施令。
  [翻译技巧]同样是为了避开定语从句,将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to与……有关系/up to 达到……的规模
  3.Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
  [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
  [语法难点]有省略。1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
  [句子翻译]罗博特•富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
  [翻译技巧]如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
  4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
  [句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
  [语法难点]主语是some of these causes,实际的主语就是some,不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构,意为“属于”。
  [句子翻译]在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求,另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。
  [翻译技巧]这个翻译比较简单,注意being to的翻译即可。
  5.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
  [句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
  [语法难点]1)有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干,关键是确定句子的主语和谓语,只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。
  2)When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句,第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句,wants前省略了which,是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。
  [句子翻译]这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
  [翻译技巧]此句中短语较多。come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地
  6.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
  [句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
  [语法难点]注意not…but句型,意为“不是……而是……”
  [句子翻译]给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持,看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
  [翻译技巧]严格说来,not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”,但这样就显得罗嗦,所 以译为“与……无关”,但(另一些有关)。a amount of指“数量达到……”。be related to指“与……有关”。
  7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
  [句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
  [语法难点]so made指“如此构成”,so和后面的that构成so…that结构,意为“如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to指“可以(或不可以)……”。
  [句子翻译]然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。
  [翻译技巧]be so made that意为“如…构成”,不符合汉语表达习惯,所以译为“就是如此”。in principle 总的说来/deal with应付……
  8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
  [句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
  [语法难点]有并列从句。1)主语较为复杂,为并列结构,分别是new forms和new subjects,中间用as well as连接。
2)as在这里引导了一个介词结构(as they have in the past),have的宾语省略了,其内容与本句主语一致。
3)giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句,省略了which are。
  [句子翻译]同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。
  [翻译技巧]as well as 和,以及/give rise to给……以机会
  9.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
  [句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
  [语法难点]插入成分很多。此句实际上是个简单句,其核心结构为Rights means…,只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。”For Lolyd Nicks”为主句的状语成分,“a 54-years old…cancer”为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。
  [句子翻译]对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说,这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去,而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨:因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。
  [翻译技巧]同位语从句在汉语中很少出现,对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一样恐惧”,表示非常恐惧。
  10.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
  [句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
  [语法难点]有省略现象。traveling不是现在分词,而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了“主语+be动词”的结构,这样显得句子简洁。
  [句子翻译]独自旅行时,如果没有了食物,受伤了或者生病了,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
  [翻译技巧]直译的话,应该说人们“没有其他地方,只有……”可得到帮助,但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解,这里根据句意,译为“只能向……求助”就比较准确了。“turn”的用法比较灵活,意思很多,这里依据上下文,译为“向……求助”。
  11.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
  [句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
  [语法难点]实际是简单句。此句句子虽长,但是结构并不复杂,可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开,个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are,是因为在这个从句中主语是use,而不是substances,这一点要注意分辨。
  [句子翻译] 在我们生活的社会里,物质(药品)被广泛地运用于社交和医疗:服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼,喝酒来应酬,早晨和咖啡来提神,吸烟镇定情绪等。
  [翻译技巧]该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧,很有文学性,我们翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应,而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是“安静”的意思,而是“镇静”的意思。
  12.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
  [句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…
  [语法难点]有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语,修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ,所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句,而是与之并列的结构。
  [句子翻译] 依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强,用量越来越大才能达到预期效果,一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。
  [翻译技巧]有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了,其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。
  13.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
  [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
  [语法难点]该句没有从句结构,而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。
  [句子翻译] 但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要“努力保持均衡”这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准
   [翻译技巧]虽然没有从句结构,但是由于句子太长,有众多的修饰成分,所以建议还是拆为两句较好。
  14.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
  [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
  [语法难点]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定语从句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明,是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并无定规。之所以用rising,是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was,这样显得简洁得多。
  [句子翻译]七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年来最低水平,今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%,比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。
[翻译技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
  15.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
  [句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …
  [语法难点]主句用现在完成时have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注,现在也在关注,是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。
  [句子翻译] 特别让经济学家感到诧异的是,英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果,因为传统的分析方法表明,两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。
  [翻译技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜欢的”,与个人取向没有关系。productive slack是“生产滑坡”的意思。
  16.Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
  [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
  [语法难点]有套合从句。本句为主从复合句。主句很简单,而because引导的原因状语从句中,又有一个that引导的宾语从句。这个从句中,主语an agreed account of human rights由一个which引导的飞行定性定语从句修饰,而这个非限定性定语从句中又有一个限定性定语从句the world does not have来修饰something。
  [句子翻译] 事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
  [翻译技巧]agree为“约定的”意思,agreed account直译为“约定的看法”,意译为“共同的认识”。可见翻译中一定要结合汉语的语言习惯灵活转换。an agreed account of human rights不可译为“有同意的人权记录”。此外,将不定代词具体化,也更符合汉语习惯。
  17.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
  [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
  [语法难点]该句仍为主从复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充当了补充语的角色。
  [句子翻译] 有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在社会契约中,是责任与利益相交换的一部分。
  [翻译技巧]要正确选择contract的词义,不要译成从此“收缩,缩小”。argue不要译成“争论”,而要灵活处理成“论证说”。
  18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
  [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
  [语法难点]有并列从句和省略。冒号把句子分成两部分,后一部分对前面部分作进一步解释说明。前面部分是简单句。后面部分是复合句。that引导的宾语从句中,主语是animals,谓语是shouldbetreated,either…or…引导两个介词短语作状语,either引导的介词短语中,humans extend to other humans是一个省略引导词that的定语从句。
  [句子翻译] 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。
  [翻译技巧]it 的所指要明确。leads the discussion to extremes译成“将讨论引向两个极端”,at the outset译成“从一开始”。注意把被动句译为主动句,更合乎汉语习惯。
  19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
  [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
  [语法难点]有套和从句。逗号前面是一个现在分词短语,作状语,里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语,逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。
  [句子翻译] 这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
  [翻译技巧]in every relevant respect译成“各相关方面”,不要把respect 译成“尊重”;extremists为极端主义者;let outside the area of moral choice译成“不在道德范围内,不关乎道德”。
  20.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
  [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
  [语法难点]以冒号为界,将全句分成两个复合句。前面的复合句里,时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为,主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句,作instinct的定语。
  [句子翻译] 这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的******在起作用,这种******应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
  [翻译技巧]将that,it等代词具体化,使译文表达明确;reasoning不能译成“原因”,而应译为“推理,推论”;in action不能译成“在行动中”,而译成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻译被动语态时,使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使译文流畅自然
  21.The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
  [句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but…
  [语法难点]有插入语。for example是个插入结构,不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…结构,是“如此……以至于”的意思。
  [句子翻译] 以阿斯旺大坝为例,它挡住了尼罗河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤,换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙,几乎不能用于发电了。
  [翻译技巧]the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是“换回来的全部则是”。
  22.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
  [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
  [语法难点]有套和从句。
thetrouble isthat…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。[句子翻译] 问题在于,近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果,因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。[翻译技巧]part of the recent acceleration不可译为“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商业周期”。
  23.New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
  [句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
  [语法难点]有插入语。两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构,可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看,除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。
  [句子翻译] 组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施,还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高,比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。[翻译技巧]all that译为“这一切包括”。overall productivity译为“综合生产力水平”。Joint investment译为“联合投资”。Drive译为“驱动”。
  24.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
  [句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
  [语法难点]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving。
  [句子翻译] 他的同时迈克尔•比尔说,为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组,降低了成本,但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。
  [翻译技巧]far too many译为“太多的(比实际需要)”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion应译为“以简单机械的方式”。chop out译为“削减”。



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